Stereoscan

The chemical structure of CSO–SA was determined with ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and this chemical was dispersed in D₂O at pH 7 and 25 °C. The substitution degree (SD%) of amino groups of CSO–SA, defined as the molar ratio of stearate to anhydroglucosidic units in chitosan oligosaccharide, was detected with TNBS, and the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of the final reaction mixture at 344 nm was measured by UV spectroscopy (TU-1800PC, Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co., Ltd., China). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CSO–SA was measured by pyrene fluorescence using a fluorometer (F-2500, Hitachi Co., Japan). The intensity ratio (I₁ : I₃) of the first peak (I₁, 374 nm) to the third peak (I₃, 385 nm) in the pyrene emission spectra was analyzed to calculate the CMC.
The size and zeta potential of CSO–SA micelles and CSO–SA/DrzBS micelles were measured by dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer 3000HS, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) in deionized water. Their morphology was examined by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM, Stereoscan, Leica, England).

The degree of amino acid substitution (SD%) of Gal-CSSO polymers was determined by the TNBS method.³⁰ (link) The CMC of Gal-CSSO micelles was determined via fluorescence spectroscopy (F-2500, Hitachi, Japan) using pyrene as a probe. The particle sizes and zeta potentials of Gal-CSSO and Gal-CSSO/10-23 DNAzyme were measured through dynamic light scattering (DLS, Zetasizer 3000HS, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The morphology of the micelles was observed via TEM (Stereoscan, Leica, UK).