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48 protocols using lumaplate

1

Quantifying NK Cell Cytotoxicity via 51Cr Release

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K562 WT cells (target) were labeled with 51Cr (5 mCi/mL; Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) for 24 h and washed. NK cells (effector) were cocultured with 51Cr-labeled K562 cells at 25:1, 10:1, 5:1, and 1:1 Effector:Target (E:T) ratios in 96-well plates for 4 h at 37°C, 5% CO2 as previously described (25 (link)). Fifty microliters of supernatant were harvested and dispensed in corresponding wells of a LumaPlate (Perkin Elmer). LumaPlates were allowed to dry overnight at room temperature and were then analyzed on a TopCount NXT (Perkin Elmer) to determine the amount of 51Cr released from lysed K562 target cells in counts per minute (cpm). Maximum chromium-51 release was determined by incubation of K562 target cells in 2% SDS solution; spontaneous release was obtained by incubation of target cells in the absence of effectors (media only). The mean percent of cytotoxicity was calculated using the following formula: ((cpm in experimental release − cpm in spontaneous release)/(cpm in maximum release − cpm in spontaneous release)) × 100. Differences between day 0 and day 12 samples were tested for significance using a two-way ANOVA.
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2

Chromium Release Cytotoxicity Assay

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Target cells were stained with 50 µCi of
51chromium (PERKIN ELMER, cat. no. NEZ030002MC) per million cells for 1 h at 37°C. 50 µL of antibody were loaded onto a 96-well plate, completed with 100 µL of
51chromium-loaded target cells and then 50 µL of NK or PBMC. The plates were then incubated for 4 h at 37°C, and 50 µL of supernatant was collected and transferred to a LumaPlate (Perkin Elmer, cat. no. 6006633). Plates were dried at 56°C and read with a TopCount (NXT™ Perkin Elmer) apparatus. A control condition without antibody was used to assess basal target cell lysis by NK or PBMC. In addition, a control without antibody and without NK or PBMC was used to determined spontaneous
51chromium release from the target cells. A control with 2% Triton X-100 on target cells was used to determine the maximal level of
51chromium release from target cells. Experiments were performed in duplicate or triplicate, depending on the number of effector cells obtained.
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3

ZIKV-specific T-cell Cytotoxicity Assay

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Cytotoxicity was measured by standard 51Cr release assay. Briefly, ZIKV peptide-pulsed or unpulsed autologous PHA-blasts (negative control) were labeled with 51Cr (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA) for 1 hour, washed, and resuspended with ZIKV-specific T-cell products at multiple effector to target ratios, and incubated for 4 hours. Supernatants were transferred to a Luma plate (Perkin Elmer), and 51Cr release was measured on a MicroBeta2 counter (Perkin Elmer). Maximum release was determined by addition of 1% Triton X-100 to target cells. Specific lysis was determined as follows: (experimental release – spontaneous release)/(maximum release – spontaneous release) × 100.
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4

Chromium-release Cytotoxicity Assay with Pyk2 Inhibition

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NK cell effector cells were co-cultured with target cells that had been pre-incubated with 100 µCi 51Cr for 1 or 4 hr in 96-well round-bottomed plates at 37°C 5% CO2. 1% IGEPAL (v/v) (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to lyse maximal release control wells and plates were centrifuged. Supernatant was transferred to a LUMA plate (Perkin Elmer) and dried overnight. Plates were read with a TopCount NXT and % specific lysis was calculated as follows: (sample – average spontaneous release) / (average total release – average spontaneous release) x 100. For experiments done with Pyk2 inhibition, effectors were pre-incubated for 10 min with 5 µM PF431396 (Tocris) then assays were performed in the presence of 5 µM PF431396 or equivalent volume of DMSO as a vehicle control.
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5

Chromium-based Cytotoxicity Assay

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Target cells were stained with 50 μCi of 51 (link)chromium (PERKIN ELMER, cat. no. NEZ030002MC) per million cells for 1 h at 37°C. 50 μL of antibody were loaded onto a 96-well plate, completed with 100 μL of 51 (link)chromium-loaded target cells and then 50 μL of NK or PBMC. The plates were then incubated for 4 h at 37°C, and 50 μL of supernatant was collected and transferred to a LumaPlate (Perkin Elmer, cat. no. 6006633). Plates were dried at 56°C and read with a TopCount (NXT™ Perkin Elmer) apparatus. A control condition without antibody was used to assess basal target cell lysis by NK or PBMC. In addition, a control without antibody and without NK or PBMC was used to determined spontaneous 51 (link)chromium release from the target cells. A control with 2% Triton X-100 on target cells was used to determine the maximal level of 51 (link)chromium release from target cells. Experiments were performed in duplicate or triplicate, depending on the number of effector cells obtained.
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6

Chromium-51 Release Cytotoxicity Assay

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Target cells were labeled with 100 μCi 51Cr (PerkinElmer) per 106 cells for 1 hour at 37°C. Effector cells were harvested and co-cultured with 51Cr-labeled target cells at different effector:target ratios. Spontaneous release was established using target cells in medium and maximum release was obtained using 1% Triton-X (Sigma-Aldrich). For CTL assays, unlabeled K562 and Daudi target cells were included to mitigate NK cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. Following the 4 hour incubation, 50 μL of cell-free supernatant was transferred to a LumaPlate (PerkinElmer) and the level of 51Cr was then measured using a Microbeta2 scintillation counter (PerkinElmer). The per cent cell lysis was calculated as below (cpm: counts per minute):
%lysis=100×samplecpmspontaneouscpmmaximumcpmspontaneouscpm
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7

Glucose Uptake Assay for hASC-Adipocytes

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In vitro glucose uptake in hASC-adipocytes was modified from [32] (link). hASC-adipocytes were stimulated with insulin and/or FGF21 in 0.2%BSA w/v in DPBS (Life Technologies 14040133) for 30 min at 37°C. After stimulation, media was supplemented with 28 uM [14C]-2DG (PerkinElmer, NEC-495A), 800 uM 2DG (Sigma Cat# D3179) at final concentration for 30 min at 37°C. Cells were washed three times with cold PBS then lysed with 100 uL 1% Triton X-100 w/v in ddH2O for 30 min at room temp while shaking. Lysates were transferred to a 96-well LumaPlate (Perkin Elmer 6005630), dried overnight, and read for 14C on a Perkin Elmer Trilux MicroBeta for CPM. FGF21 neutralizing antibody (nAb) was custom generated and purified (clone# 9A2.H8.G4) by Green Mountain Antibodies using peptide, CGGPSQGRSPSYAS, for immunization. 100 ug/ml neutralizing antibody was used to neutralize 32 nM FGF21 in assay buffer 30 min prior to treating the cells.
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8

Cytotoxicity Assay for T Cell Evaluation

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Cytotoxicity was assessed with a standard chromium-release assay, as described in our previous studies38 . Briefly, target cells were labeled with 100 μCi of 51Cr (PerkinElmer) in 1 ml of complete culture medium for 1 h at 37 °C in an incubator. Various numbers of human T cells transduced with CD19-BBz variant vectors were mixed with 51Cr-labeled target cells at the indicated effector (E):target cell (T) ratios in triplicate in a 96-well plate and incubated for 4–5 h. In parallel, control wells including spontaneous release (no T cells added) and maximum release (2% TX-100 added) were set up. Supernatants were dried on a LumaPlate (PerkinElmer) overnight and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The percentage of specific lysis was calculated by using the standard formula ((experimental – spontaneous release)/(maximum load – spontaneous release) × 100) and expressed as the mean for the triplicate samples.
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9

Cytotoxicity Assay with Peptide-Pulsed Targets

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MC57G target cells were pulsed with 2 μg mL−1 of peptide, radiolabeled and incubated with effector splenocytes for 6 h at an effector‐to‐target cell ratio of 100:1. Maximum and spontaneous release controls were set up for each condition. Luma plate (PerkinElmer, MA, USA) were coated with 30 μL of the supernatant, allowed to dry overnight and counts recorded on a top count MicroBeta plate reader. Percent specific lysis was calculated using the following equation: [(sample 51Cr release − spontaneous 51Cr release)/(maximum 51Cr release − spontaneous 51Cr release)] × 100.
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10

Chromium-release Assay for Cytotoxicity

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Frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purchased from Precision Bioservices (Frederick, MD, USA). The PBMCs were thawed and washed with medium containing DNase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). After overnight incubation, the PBMCs were used as effector cells. OC cells, as target cells, were labeled with approximately 3.7 MBq of Na251CrO4 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C. These target cells (1.0 × 104 cells) were incubated with the anti-FOLR1 antibodies and PBMCs at an E:T ratio of 25:1 for 4 h at 37 °C. After incubation, each supernatant was transferred onto a LumaPlate (PerkinElmer) and dried sufficiently. The 51Cr radioactivity was measured using a microplate scintillation counter (TopCount NXT, PerkinElmer). After subtracting the radioactivity of the medium background from the radioactivity of each sample, the cytotoxicity was calculated using the following formula: % cytotoxicity = 100 × (S – Tspo) / (Total – Tspo), where S is the radioactivity of the experimental sample well, Tspo is the mean spontaneously released radioactivity of the target cells in the absence of antibody and effector cells (target cells incubated with medium alone), and Total is the mean radioactivity of the target cell lysis (target cells incubated with detergent).
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