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Divinyl sulfone

Manufactured by Merck Group
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Sourced in Italy, Germany, Japan

Divinyl sulfone is a chemical compound used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a crosslinking agent, and its core function is to facilitate the formation of covalent bonds between different molecules or materials.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Sodium hydroxide pellet, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Triethylamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Rhodamine isothiocyanate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ascorbate phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Sartorius (1 mentions) Tunel tmr red, by Roche (1 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Insulin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (1 mentions) D glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dexamethasone (dex), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Yeast rna, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acetic acid hac, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Rnase a, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Span 80, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Isooctane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) N hydroxysuccinimide nhs, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

19 protocols using divinyl sulfone

1

Comprehensive Chemical Reagents for Cell Culture

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The following analytical-grade chemicals were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification: bicarbonate buffer (BB; 0.1M, pH 8.4), ferric chloride hexahydrate, hydrochloric acid (1 M), sodium hydroxide (1 M), sodium nitrate, Triton X-100, gelatin from porcine skin, human serum albumin (HSA), NHS-Cy7, rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC), divinyl sulfone (DVS), triethylamine (TEA), D-glucose from Sigma (Israel); FGF2 ELISA kit and recombinant human FGF2 from PeproTech (Israel); Midi-MACS magnetic columns from Almog Diagnostic (Israel); phosphate-buffered saline (PBS free of Ca+2 and Mg+2; 0.1 M, pH 7.4) from Biological-Industries (Israel); tissue culture plates (96 wells) and plastic tips from Greiner bio-one (Germany); Water was purified by passing deionized water through an Elgastat Spectrum reverse osmosis system (Elga, High Wycombe, UK). All tissue culture reagents were from Biological Industries (Israel). B27 and DAPI were from Invitrogen. Dexamethasone, insulin, β-glycophostphate, ascorbate phosphate, neuron-specific microtubule-associated protein 2 mouse monoclonal antibody and dyes were from Sigma. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein rabbit monoclonal antibody was from Cell Signaling. TUNEL TMR Red was from Roche. Secondary antibodies were from Jackson ImmunoResearch. PCNA (pc1-0) mouse monoclonal IgG2a was from Santa Cruz, USA.
Levy I., Sher I., Corem-Salkmon E., Ziv-Polat O., Meir A., Treves A.J., Nagler A., Kalter-Leibovici O., Margel S, & Rotenstreich Y. (2015). Bioactive magnetic near Infra-Red fluorescent core-shell iron oxide/human serum albumin nanoparticles for controlled release of growth factors for augmentation of human mesenchymal stem cell growth and differentiation. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 13, 34.
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2

Assay for Ribonuclease Activity

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RNase A, type XII-A, and yeast RNA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy) and Boheringer (Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany), respectively. Acetic acid (HAc) and divinyl sulfone (DVS) were from Merck-Sigma. The cDNA of wt-ANG was kindly provided by Prof. E. Pizzo (The University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy). The fluorescent substrate 6-FAM (6-carboxyfluorescein)-tetranucleotide-BHQ®-1 (Black Hole Quencher-1), i.e., 6-FAM-dArU(dA)2-BHQ-1 was from Biomers.net, Ulm, Germany.
Fasoli S., Bettin I., Montioli R., Fagagnini A., Peterle D., Laurents D.V, & Gotte G. (2021). Dimerization of Human Angiogenin and of Variants Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18), 10068.
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3

Polymer-Based Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents

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All chemicals used are of analytical reagent grade quality and are employed as received. Sorbitan monooleate (Span® 80) (S80), Polyoxyethylenesorbitan trioleate (Tween® 85) (T85), Mineral oil (light oil, 0.8 gr/cm at 25°C), Divinyl sulfone (DVS, 118.15 Da), Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium(III) dihydrogen salt hydrate (Gd-DTPA, 547.57 Da), Sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH), Acetone and Ethanol are purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical (Italy). Sodium Hyaluronate, with an average molecular weight of 850 kDa (purity 99%; Hyasis® 850P) and 42 kDa, is respectively supplied by Novozymes Biopharma and Bohus Biotech (Sweden) as dry powder and used without purification.
Magnevist® (Bracco Imaging, Italy), a contrast agent commercially available, is used in this study. The water is purified by distillation, deionization, and reserve osmosis (Milli-Q Plus) and systematically used for sample preparation, purification and analysis. All experiments are repeated in triplicate and conducted at room temperature, 25°C.
De Sarno F., Ponsiglione A.M., Russo M., Grimaldi A.M., Forte E., Netti P.A, & Torino E. (2019). Water-Mediated Nanostructures for Enhanced MRI: Impact of Water Dynamics on Relaxometric Properties of Gd-DTPA. Theranostics, 9(6), 1809-1824.
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4

Hyaluronic Acid Conjugation Protocol

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HA (sodium salt, 700KDa) was obtained from Lifecore Biomedical (Chaska, MN). Divinyl sulfone (DVS, 97%), 1-heptanol (98%) and folic acid (FA, ≥97%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT, 96%) and isooctane (99%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH). Polyethylene glycol (NH2)2 (HCl salt, 5000 Da) was purchased from Jenkem Technology (Beijing, China). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide were obtained from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL). CF647A amine dye was purchased from Biotium, Inc. (Fremont, CA).
Li S., Cong W., Hakamivala A., Huang Y., Borrelli J J.r, & Tang L. (2018). Hyaluronic Acid-Based Optical Probe for the Diagnosis of Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage. Nanotheranostics, 2(4), 347-359.
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5

Enzymatic Assay for Tyrosine Hydroxylase

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L-tyrosine, (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (L-DOPA), hydroxylamine (HA), ascorbic acid (AH2), Lowry’s reagent, bovine serum albumin, and divinyl sulfone were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). The other chemicals, all of which were of analytical or ACS grade, were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials (Poland).
Cieńska M., Labus K., Lewańczuk M., Koźlecki T., Liesiene J, & Bryjak J. (2016). Effective L-Tyrosine Hydroxylation by Native and Immobilized Tyrosinase. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0164213.
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6

Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Synthesis

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) was purchased from Beta Pharma (MW = 637 kDa determined by viscosity measurement [59 (link)], Branford, CT). N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), dithiothreitol (DTT), calcium hydride and divinylsulfone (DVS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Cystamine dichloride, phosphorus pentoxide and water (ultrapure, HPLC Grade) were purchase from VWR International, LLC (Radnor, PA). All 4-arm-polyethylene glycols (4-arm-PEGs, MW = 20 kDa, PDI = 1.02 and MW = 40 kDa, PDI = 1.02) were purchased from Jenkem Technology USA (Allen, TX).
Jeong C.G., Francisco A.T., Niu Z., Mancino R.L., Craig S.L, & Setton L.A. (2014). Screening of Hyaluronic Acid-Poly(ethylene glycol) Composite Hydrogels to Support Intervertebral Disc Cell Biosynthesis using Artificial Neural Network Analysis. Acta biomaterialia, 10(8), 3421-3430.
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7

Reactive Silver Ink Synthesis for Conductive Fibers

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The reactive Ag ink was prepared with modified Tollens’ ink (29 (link)): 1 g of Ag acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 2.5 ml of ammonium hydroxide (28% NH3, Alfa Aesar), and then 0.2 ml of formic acid (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added, followed by 3-hour stirring at room temperature to obtain a transparent solution. PEDOT:PSS solution was prepared by mixing 95% (v/v) of PEDOT:PSS (Heraeus Clevios PH 1000) and 5% (v/v) of ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich). The solution was sonicated for around 20 min and then filtered through a 1.2-μm PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) filter before using. To enhance the structure and conductivity stability of PEDOT:PSS fibers in the case of using them inside cell culture media, 1% (w/w) of DVS (divinylsulfone; Sigma-Aldrich) was then added to the solution as a cross-linker. DVS is able to cross-link PEDOT:PSS under room temperature, and the cross-linked PEDOT:PSS is proven to be biocompatible. After mixing with DVS, the solution was mixed carefully and filtered through a 1.2-μm PTFE filter. PEO (Mw = 4 million Da) was dissolved in DI water at 2% (w/w) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours.
Wang W., Ouaras K., Rutz A.L., Li X., Gerigk M., Naegele T.E., Malliaras G.G, & Huang Y.Y. (2020). Inflight fiber printing toward array and 3D optoelectronic and sensing architectures. Science Advances, 6(40), eaba0931.
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8

Synthesis of Thiol-Ene Photocurable Resins

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2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl piperidine (TMP), divinyl sulfone (DVS), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical (TEMPO), 1-hexanethiol (HT), butyl 3-mercaptopropionate (BT), butyl acrylate, triethylamine (TEA), (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO), and diethyleneglycol diethyl ether (DEGDE), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) was donated by Bruno Bock. All chemicals were used as received. Tetra (2-mercaptoethyl) silane (SiTSH) was synthesized according to a previously reported procedure.37 Molecular structures are depicted in Fig. 1.
Zhang X., Huang S., Podgórski M., Han X., Claudino M, & Bowman C.N. (2018). Assessment of TEMPO as a Thermally Activatable Base Generator and Its Use in Initiation of Thermally-Triggered Thiol–Michael Addition Polymerizations. Polymer chemistry, 9(32), 4294-4302.
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9

Biopolymer Hydrogel Formulation and Characterization

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Na-alg (PRONOVA UP LVM) was obtained from FMC BioPolymer (Novamatrix, Drammen, Norway, batch no FP-506-01). 8-arm PEG, molar mass 20 kg/mol, was purchased from JenKem (JenKem Technology USA Inc, Allen, TX, USA). This PEG consists of a poly(glycerol) backbone with multiple PEG arms attached through an ether bond (PEG-OH) (Scheme 1). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, special formulation without NaCl and KCl) was purchased from Cell Culture Technologies LLC (Gravessano, Switzerland). Divinylsulfone, DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), calcium chloride dihydrate, and sodium chloride were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland). All chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as supplied, unless otherwise indicated.
Mahou R., Meier R.P., Bühler L.H, & Wandrey C. (2014). Alginate-Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Microspheres for Primary Cell Microencapsulation. Materials, 7(1), 275-286.
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10

PLGA Nanoparticle Hydrogel for ARPE-19 Cells

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), PLGA (LA:GA = 75:25, MW = 66,000–107,000), Tween-80, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), Pluronic F-68 (Mn = 8,400), D-mannitol, divinyl sulfone (DVS), and DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hyaluronate (HA) (MW = 100,000) was obtained from Seedchem (Camberwell, Australia). ARPE-19 cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Fluoresbrite yellow green nano/microspheres with diameters of 50 nm and 2 µm were purchased from Polysciences (Warrington, PA, USA) for studying the release behavior in the hydrogel. All the chemical reagents in the experiments were used without further purification.
Hsu X.L., Wu L.C., Hsieh J.Y, & Huang Y.Y. (2021). Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery System for Potential Ocular Applications. Polymers, 13(4), 642.
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