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203 protocols using dm6000

1

Quantifying GFAP and Lesion Volumes

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Levels of GFAP immunoreactivity and GFAP + volumes were quantified on 10x-tiled images of serial sections along the antero-posterior axis of the striatum, acquired with an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DM6000, Nussloch, Germany). Virally transduced GFP + area was manually segmented on each section and the corresponding mean intensity signal for GFAP in this area was extracted with Image J. Background intensity signal was measured on unstained regions of the same section and subtracted to the GFAP total signal. The volume was calculated from the area measured on each section by the Cavalieri method 40 .
To quantify lesion size, images of DARPP32 immunostained serial striatal sections were acquired at the 5x objective with an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DM6000). DARPP32depleted area in the striatum was manually segmented with Image J on each serial section, and the total volume calculated with the Cavalieri method.
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2

Microarray and Microscopy Imaging Protocols

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Images for intensity analysis were taken with a LS Reloaded Microarray Scanner (Tecan, Switzerland) equipped with three lasers at 635 nm, 532 nm, and 488 nm. Images were also acquired with a Leica DM6000 microscope fitted with a digital camera (Leica DM6000, Wetzlar, Germany) and equipped with a GFP (λex = 450–490 nm, λem = 525–550 nm) and N2.1 filter (λex = 515–560 nm, λem ≥ 590 nm).
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3

Worm Gonad Dissection and Fixation

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L4 worms were picked and allowed to age for 20–24 h. Gonad dissection was carried out in 1 × egg buffer (25 mM HEPES-Cl (pH 7.4), 118 mM NaCl, 48 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.1% Tween-20 and 20 mM sodium azide). An equal volume of 4% formaldehyde in egg buffer was added (final concentration is 2% formaldehyde) and allowed to incubate for 5 min. The dissected worms were freeze-cracked in liquid nitrogen for 10 min, incubated in methanol at −20 °C for 10 min, transferred to PBS/0.1% Tween (PBST), washed 3 × 10 min in PBS/1% Triton X-100 and stained 10 min in 0.5 μg ml−1 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole/PBST. Finally samples were de-stained in PBST for 1 h and mounted with Vectashield. Gonads were analysed using Leica DM6000 microscope.
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4

LMNA-CMD and EDMD Muscle Biopsy Protocol

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Human muscle sections were obtained from 2 LMNA-CMD patients, 1 EDMD patient, and 3 control subjects without any muscular disorder. All patients provided informed consent. Clinical summaries and muscle characteristic of all patients are provided in Table 2. All the patients underwent an open muscle biopsy for morphological, immunochemical, and biochemical analyses on snap-frozen muscle tissue. Transverse serial sections (8–10 µm) were stained with for laminin (Dako, Z0097), YAP (Santa-Cruz, sc-10119), and/or Pax7 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa, USA). Multiple images were captured of each section using the tile scanning feature on a Leica DM6000 fluorescence wide-field transmission microscope, allowing imaging of the entire section.
At the time of muscle biopsy, all patients exhibited common features that are characteristics of LMNA-CMD patients, i.e., severe muscle wasting and weakness, no or poor head and trunk control, and respiratory failure. C1 to C3: controls; muscle biopsies in control subjects did not reveal any defect.
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5

EMS Mutagenesis for Neuronal Remodeling

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EMS mutagenesis was carried out following the published procedure 36 . EMS treated y w 67c23 sn 3 FRT19A males were crossed to FM7c/ph 0 w females and stocks, coming from single y w 67c23 sn 3 FRT19A/ FM7c female crossed to FM7c males, were generated. Only viable y w 67c23 sn 3 (link) FRT19A chromosome bearing stocks were kept and y w 67c23 sn 3 FRT19A; UAS-mCD8-GFP 201Y-GAL4 /+ adult males from each stock were screened for MB neuronal remodeling defect with an epi-fluorescence microscope (Leica DM 6000).
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6

Quantifying Tumor Microvasculature Characteristics

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Microvessel density (vascular surface) and size (length and diameter) were analyzed in five regions of interest (ROI): striatal tumor center, cortical tumor center, striatal tumor periphery and cortical and striatal areas in the contralateral hemisphere. The periphery of the tumor has been defined as a 200 μm width band around the tumor center. 34 Images were acquired with a fluorescent microscope (Leica DM 6000, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with a camera. Analyses were performed using home-made ImageJ macros. 35 Images (2000 × 1500 μm 2 ) to visualize RECA-1 and Hoechst 33342 were taken at x10 and x40 in each of the five ROIs for at least five slices per animal (n = 8 rats per group). Then, the photographs of vessels were binarized by local thresholding at the mean between the minimum and maximum intensity of their neighborhood, thus segmenting vessels at half-height. Vessel density was computed as the surface occupied by vessels; the vessel length was derived from skeletonization. The vessel diameter at each pixel location along the skeletons was determined using distance maps. 35
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7

Fluorescent Microscopy Analysis of Biological Samples

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Samples stained with anti-5HT and TRITC-labelled phalloidin were examined by fluorescent microscopy on a Leica DM 1000 (from А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Centre of Parasitology, Pushchino, Russia) and Leica DM6000 fluorescent, as well as with a Leica TCS SP5 (Berlin, Germany) confocal scanning laser microscope (from Institute of Cell Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Russia). Images presented are either the optical sections (snapshots) or the maximal projections obtained during CLSM scanning of investigated samples through 24-78 µm (occasionally up to 142 µm). Images from the fluorescent microscope were taken with a digital camera DC300F (Leica, Berlin, Germany). For Alexa488, a fluorescent filter I3 with the excitation spectrum of 450-490 nm and the emission spectrum of 515 nm was used, while tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) was detected with a N2.1 filter (excitation spectrum of 515-560 nm; emission spectrum of 590 nm). The images were saved in TIFF format.
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8

Tissue Fixation and Staining Protocol

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After perfusion with 4 saline in vivo through peristaltic pump, removing the blood, a small segment of tissue block (1 cm 3 ) was fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution, dehydrated in an ethanol gradient, embedded in paraffin and cut down in slices of 4 µm. Subsequently, the tissue sections were deparaffinized and stained with HE, Masson, and Prussian blue stains, respectively. The slices were observed using a light microscope and captured with an attached camera (Leica DM6000, Germany).
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9

In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Mouse Cortex

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A 2×2mm 2 cranial window was prepared over the right parietal cortex (2 mm caudal from bregma, 1.7 mm lateral from the midline) with a micro-drill and a metal plate glued at the edge of the cranial window 16, 17 . The mouse was fixed on the stage of two-photon microscope (Leica, DM6000, Wetzlar, Germany). ACSF was perfused during the whole surgical procedure to keep the cranial window moist. Throughout the experiment, body temperatures were kept constant at 36.8°C with a feedback-controlled heating pad (RWD Life Science Company, Shenzhen, China). To visualize vasculature, 0.
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10

Peptide-Mediated Eradication of Biofilms

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To observe the eradicative effect of the peptides on the mature biofilms more intuitively, we observed the biofilms with a fluorescence microscope after SYTO staining [37 (link)]. The peptides with a final concentration of 50 μM were added to the mature biofilms. The biofilms untreated with the peptides served as the negative control. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 h, 10 μM SYTO was added to the stain for 15 min in the dark. The biofilms were observed with a fluorescence microscope (DM6000, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), which equipped with a 40 × objective and a 10 × eyepiece.
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