1 hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate

Quercetin 7-rhamnoside was purchased from Biopurify (Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd.). Kits for detecting albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute). UrsodeoxyCholic acid (>98%, J0324A), ChenodeoxyCholic acid (>98%, D1217A), Cholic acid (>98%, M0412AS), HyodeoxyCholic acid (>98%, D1017AS), DeoxyCholic acid (>98%, J0602AS) were purchased from meilunbio (Dalian Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd.). d4-glycochenodeoxycholate (>99.5%, ZZS19022701) was purchased from ZZBIO (Shanghai ZZBIO Co., Ltd.). 5-(Diisopropylamino) amylamine (DIAAA, B02669513), 1-[Bis (dimethylamino) methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo [4,5-b] pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU,≥98.0%,102409029), 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, ≥97.0%, BCCF3867), Triethylamine (TEA, ≥99.5%) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co. Ltd.). Primary anti-FXR antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Abcam Plc.). anti-CYP7A1 antibodies were purchased from Boster (Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd.), and anti-CYP27A1 antibodies were purchased from Affinity Biosciences (Affinity Biosciences Co., Ltd.). Secondary antibodies such as goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L) and goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) were purchased from CWBIO (Beijing Kangwei Century Biotechnology Co., Ltd.).

Chitosan (CHI, 75–85% deacetylated, 50,000–190,000 Da), gallic acid (GA), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt), and alginate (ALG), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Furthermore, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), whereas punicalagin (PC) was purchased from Santa Cruze Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted. Snap-cap spin columns (SCSC), Aminolink resin, graphitized-active carbon column, HPLC-grade water, and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Ethylenediamine (EDA), p-toluidine (pT), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HBot), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) (liquid), EDC·HCl (powder), urea, ammonium bicarbonate, dithiothreitol (DTT), iodoacetamide (IAA), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), N,N′-dimethylaniline (DMA), formic acid (FA), DMSO, hydrochloric acid (HCl), maltoheptaose (DP7), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 1×), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₃), sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, and trifluoracetic acid (TFA) were from Sigma-Aldrich. NaCl (5 M) was from ChemCruz Biochemicals. Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), denaturing buffer (10×; 400-mM DTT and 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate), and reaction buffer (G7; 10×; 500-mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5) were purchased from New England BioLabs (Ipswich, MA). Sequencing-grade modified trypsin was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI). HILIC SPE chromatography was prepared as follows: add Empty SPE (solid-phase extraction) frits to Grace Alltech Extract-Clean empty reservoir (1.5 mL; Fisher Scientific), load 500-μL TSKgel Amide-80 (Sigma-Aldrich), and cap resin using Empty SPE frits.

HA was purchased from Lifecore Biomedical (Chaska, MN, USA) and its molecular weight is 7460 g/mol from the manufacturer’s data. In addition, 2,2′-thiobis(ethylamine) (TbEA) was purchased from the Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan). Moreover, 4-(carboxymethyl)phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBPE), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt), CAPE, and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from Frontier Sci. Co. (Logan, UT, USA). The dialysis membrane (molecular weight cut-off: 1000, 2000, and 8000 g/mol) was obtained from Spectrum Lab., Inc. (Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA). All the organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl alcohol, and chloroform were used as an HPLC grade.

Chitosan CH (75–85%
deacetylation, low molecular weight), Boc-glycine Boc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-glycine
Fmoc-Gly-OH, N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethyl-carbodiimide-hydrochloric (EDC hydrochloride),
and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (wetted with not less than 14 wt
% water, 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Austria. Hydrochloric
acid (37%), sodium hydroxide, and ammonia (25%) were purchased from
VWR Chemicals. Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO (≥99%) was purchased
from Fluka Chemicals. Hydrogen peroxide (30%, for synthesis) and triethylamine,
TEA (≥99.5%, for synthesis), were purchased from Carl Roth,
Germany. Sulfuric acid S.G. 1.83 (>95%) was purchased from Fisher
Scientific, Austria. Silicon wafers with orientation ⟨100⟩,
resistivity 15.00 Ohm cm, and thickness of 508 μm were purchased
from Silchem, Freiburg, Germany. QCM-D gold-coated sensors QSX301
were purchased from Quantum Design Europe, Darmstadt, Germany.