Technical-grade permethrin (98.9%; Chem Service Inc. West Chester, PA, USA) was used to evaluate its toxicity against the Perm-S strain. Topical bioassays were conducted following the methodology of Liu and Yue20 (link) and Khan et al.33 (link). Permethrin was dissolved in acetone to seven concentrations that caused < 100% and > 0% mortality, and the range of the concentrations in bioassays was 1.5 to 100 ng/fly. The insecticide solution of a specific concentration was applied on the thoracic notum (0.5 µL/fly) of 3–5-day-old female M. domestica using a micropipette (0.1–2 μL, Acura ® manual 825, Socorex, Switzerland). All the concentrations were replicated on three separate times by preparing fresh solutions. There were 20 M. domestica exposed against each concentration per replicate. M. domestica received topical application of acetone alone in control bioassays. After exposure to permethrin concentrations or acetone, treated M. domestica were shifted into plastic jars of 250 mL capacity. In order to avoid food shortage during bioassays, 20% sugar solution was provided via cotton wicks into each jar. Mortality data observations were made after 48 h of exposure to permethrin concentrations or acetone.
Technical grade permethrin
Manufactured by Chem Service
Sourced in United States
Technical-grade permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid compound commonly used as a pesticide and insecticide. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a mild odor. Permethrin is known for its insecticidal properties and is used in a variety of applications, including agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health.
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3 protocols using technical grade permethrin
1
Topical Bioassay of Permethrin against Houseflies
2
Larvicidal Activity of MCEO Against Ae. aegypti
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Larvicidal activity was assayed against 1st instar Ae. aegypti (ORL strain) as described previously [51 (link),52 (link)]. Briefly, the MCEO was diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Cas# 67-68-5, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) to make 100 μg/μL and assayed in four different concentrations (1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 μg/μL) in a final volume of 200 μL of larval rearing media into 96-well plates. Mortality was recorded after 24 h of exposure. Larva were considered dead if they did not move during observation or after swirling the contents of the well. Three replicates were conducted on consecutive days. Technical-grade permethrin (Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA) was used as a positive control at 31 pg/μL, and DMSO was used as the negative control in all assays.
3
Optimizing Permethrin Concentrations for Tick Control
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A series of bioassays were conducted with technical grade permethrin (98.8%, 40.1:58.7 cis:trans, ChemService Inc., West Chester, PA) diluted in trichloroethylene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and olive oil (Spectrum, Gardena, CA) to optimize a range of concentrations that would cause 25–99% mortality in susceptible A. americanum. Initial chemical concentrations for these packets were based on previous work with R. sanguineus performed by Eiden et al. (2015) (link). Based on preliminary tests, the highest concentration tested was 1.50% with a 40% dilution strategy yielding 0.90%, 0.54%, 0.32%, and 0.19%. The 1.50% stock solution was freshly prepared for each replicate. This enabled the calculation of the LC values at 50%, 90%, and 99% mortality, where each respective value represents the concentration needed to kill that percentage of the sample, and the DC.
Permethrin concentrations, percentage of active ingredient (w/v), that were used to screen ticks from wild and farmed deer were based on those calculated from the pesticide susceptible ticks and consisted of the control (0.00%), LC90 (1.11%), the LC99 (2.27%), the DC (4.54%), and two times the DC (9.08%). These dilutions were prepared from a stock solution of 9.08%, which was prepared fresh for every replicate.
Permethrin concentrations, percentage of active ingredient (w/v), that were used to screen ticks from wild and farmed deer were based on those calculated from the pesticide susceptible ticks and consisted of the control (0.00%), LC90 (1.11%), the LC99 (2.27%), the DC (4.54%), and two times the DC (9.08%). These dilutions were prepared from a stock solution of 9.08%, which was prepared fresh for every replicate.
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