Hydrofluoric acid hf

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive inorganic acid. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Hydrofluoric acid is primarily used in the semiconductor and glass manufacturing industries.

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Hydrofluoric acid (119 citations)

31 protocols using hydrofluoric acid hf

Synthesis of InCl3 Nanocrystals

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Indium chloride (InCl₃, 98%), tris(dimethylamino)phosphine ((Me₂N)₃P), 97%), oleylamine (70%), lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (or lithium hexamethyldisilazide, LiHMDS, 97%), diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H, 1.0 M in toluene), and hydrofluoric acid (HF, 48 wt% in H₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tris(dimethylamino)arsine ((Me₂N)₃As), 99%) was purchased from Strem. Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals were used without further purification. Degassed oleylamine (D-OLA) was prepared by degassing under vacuum (~1.0 Torr) at 90 °C for 60 min.

Kim Y., Choi H., Lee Y., Koh W.K., Cho E., Kim T., Kim H., Kim Y.H., Jeong H.Y, & Jeong S. (2021). Tailored growth of single-crystalline InP tetrapods. Nature Communications, 12, 4454.

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PMMA Slide Fabrication and Characterization

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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) slides, methylene chloride, and the microscope slides were obtained at the local market; 99.9% lead pellets and 99.9% platinum wire were purchased from Kurt J. Lesker (Jefferson Hills, PA, USA); 1 inch double-sided tape and 1 inch copper tape were acquired from 3M (USA), ultra-high purity (>99.9%) nitrogen was purchased from Linde (Bogota, Colombia), 99.9% and potassium hydroxide (KOH) and 99.9% hydrofluoric acid (HF) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).

Bermudez J.F., Saldarriaga J.F, & Osma J.F. (2019). Portable and Low-Cost Respirometric Microsystem for the Static and Dynamic Respirometry Monitoring of Compost. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 19(19), 4132.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Ti2AlC

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All the reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. Absolute ethanol (99.8%) was purchased from POCH. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) (48%), phosphoric acid (≥99%) and titanium carbide (98%) (325 mesh) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Maxthal 211—Ti₂AlC (325 mesh) was purchased from Kanthal (Hallstahammar, Sweden). The N₂ (5.0), Ar (5.0) and O₂ (5.0) were purchased from Linde (Kraków, Poland). All solutions were prepared on the basis of MilliQ (13.6 MΩ/cm) type 1 water (T1-H₂O).

Scheibe B., Kupka V., Peplińska B., Jarek M, & Tadyszak K. (2019). The Influence of Oxygen Concentration during MAX Phases (Ti3AlC2) Preparation on the α-Al2O3 Microparticles Content and Specific Surface Area of Multilayered MXenes (Ti3C2Tx). Materials, 12(3), 353.

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Solvothermal Synthesis of Titanium Fluoride

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Titanium butoxide (TNBT) or Ti(OBu)₄ (Bu = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃) (Molar mass = 340.32 g/mol) (97%), sodium fluoride (NaF) (99%), hydrofluoric acid [HF] (40 wt%), and anhydrous ethanol (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used directly without further processing. Additionally, Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave (Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL, USA) with a capacity of 45 mL was used.

Qaid S.M., Ghaithan H.M., Bawazir H.S., Bin Ajaj A.F., AlHarbi K.K, & Aldwayyan A.S. (2023). Successful Growth of TiO2 Nanocrystals with {001} Facets for Solar Cells. Nanomaterials, 13(5), 928.

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In Vitro Nanoparticle Toxicity Assay

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Analytical grade chemicals sodium hydrogenphosphate (Na₂HPO₄), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (K₂HPO₄·3H₂O), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂·6H₂O), sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), Tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane ((HOCH₂)₃CNH₂, Tris), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), TiO₂ nanoparticles, TiO₂ P25 Degussa (75% anatase, 25% rutile), titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIIP), hydrofluoric acid (HF), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluoresin diacetate (DCFH₂-DA), methanol, Triton X-100, Polyethylene glycol 600 and Hemoglobin (Hb) standard were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. In addition, 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1 hydrochloride) was obtained from Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Gibco DPBS from Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA, and Drabkin’s reagent from Randox, Crumlin, County Antrim, UK. Ultrapure water (UPW, conductivity 0.5 μS cm⁻¹, Hydrolab HLP 10 UV, Straszyn, Poland) was used throughout.

Erceg I., Selmani A., Gajović A., Radatović B., Šegota S., Ćurlin M., Strasser V., Kontrec J., Kralj D., Maltar-Strmečki N., Barbir R., Pem B., Vinković Vrček I, & Dutour Sikirić M. (2021). Precipitation at Room Temperature as a Fast and Versatile Method for Calcium Phosphate/TiO2 Nanocomposites Synthesis. Nanomaterials, 11(6), 1523.

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Fabrication of Hydrophobic Aluminum Surfaces

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Commercially available hot rolled aluminum plates EN AW-6082 T6 (30 mm × 24 mm × 2 mm) were used as substrates. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Nitric acid (HNO₃, 60%) was purchased from Carlo Erba (Cornaredo, MI, Italy). Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 48%) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) (C₂₁H₄₆O₃Si, 90%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA). Toluene was obtained from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Ethanol and acetone were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Ultra-pure water from Best Chemical (Vairano Patenora, CE, Italy) was used throughout the experiment.

Khaskhoussi A., Calabrese L., Patané S, & Proverbio E. (2021). Effect of Chemical Surface Texturing on the Superhydrophobic Behavior of Micro–Nano-Roughened AA6082 Surfaces. Materials, 14(23), 7161.

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Nanomaterial Synthesis and Characterization

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Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 40%), N,N-dymethylformamide (DMF), buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, 25%), PAH (M_w 58,000) and PSS (M_w 70,000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetate buffer (ABS) pH 5.2 and phosphate buffer (PBS) pH 7.4 solutions were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was obtained from the European Pharmacopoeia (Strasbourg, France). All other chemicals used in the experiments were obtained from commercial sources as analytical reagents without further purification. Milli-Q water (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm was used throughout the study. Boron-doped (p-type) silicon wafers (1 0 0) and resistivity 10 to 20 Ω cm were supplied by Si-Mat (Kaufering, Germany).

Alba M., Formentín P., Ferré-Borrull J., Pallarès J, & Marsal L.F. (2014). pH-responsive drug delivery system based on hollow silicon dioxide micropillars coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers. Nanoscale Research Letters, 9(1), 411.

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Wet Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures

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All chemicals were used as received: Potassium hydroxide pellets (KOH, Alfa Aesar, 85%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30% (w/w) in H₂O, contains stabilizer, Sigma-Aldrich), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrofluoric acid (HF, ACS reagent 48%, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (HCl, reagent grade, 37%, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate (K₄Fe(CN)₆. 3H₂O, ≥99% puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K₃Fe(CN)₆, ≥99% puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich). Water with resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm from Milli-Q integral ultrapure water (Merck Millipore).

Digdaya I.A., Adhyaksa G.W., Trześniewski B.J., Garnett E.C, & Smith W.A. (2017). Interfacial engineering of metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions for efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nature Communications, 8, 15968.

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Synthesis of Metal Hexacyanoferrates

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All chemicals were used as received: potassium
hydroxide pellets (KOH, Alfa Aesar, 85%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30% (w/w) in H₂O, contains stabilizer,
Sigma-Aldrich), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 99.999%,
Sigma-Aldrich), hydrofluoric acid (HF, ACS reagent 48%, Sigma-Aldrich),
hydrochloric acid (HCl, reagent grade, 37%, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium
hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate (K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O, ≥99% puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich),
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K₃Fe(CN)₆,
≥99% puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich). Water with
resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm from Milli-Q integral ultrapure water
(Merck Millipore).

Digdaya I.A., Trześniewski B.J., Adhyaksa G.W., Garnett E.C, & Smith W.A. (2018). General Considerations for Improving Photovoltage in Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Photoanodes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 122(10), 5462-5471.

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Anatase and Rutile n-TiO2 Powder Preparation

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Uncoated n-TiO₂ powders of anatase (10–30 nm, 99.5%) and rutile (10–30 nm, 99.5%) polymorphs and mixture of anatase/rutile (10–30 nm, 30% rutile and 70% anatase) were purchased from Skyspring Nanomaterials Inc., Houston, TX USA. Some physical properties of these nanopowders are summarized in Table 1. Aqueous suspensions were prepared as described elsewhere (Ates et al., 2013a (link)). Briefly, 1% (m/v) n-TiO₂ (e.g., 10,000 mg/mL) stocks were prepared by dispersing appropriate amount of each n-TiO₂ powder in 100 mL deionized water. These suspensions were vortexed for 20 s, and then sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for about 10 min for maximum dispersion. Then, appropriate volumes were immediately transferred into the exposure tanks containing Artemia salina larvae in seawater.
Artemia cysts (The Great Salt Lake, Utah harvest) were purchased from Artemia International LLC, Houston TX, and were kept in a refrigerator at 4°C. High purity acids were used for instrumental chemical analyses. Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 99.999%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Trace metal grade nitric acid (HNO₃) was procured from Fisher Scientific. Carbon coated Cu TEM grids (300 mesh) were purchased for Electron Microscopy Sciences (EMS), Hatfield, PA and used in measurement of particle size of n-TiO₂ in stocks and experimental colloids.

Johnson M., Ates M., Arslan Z., Farah I, & Bogatu C. (2017). Assessment of Crystal Morphology on Uptake, Particle Dissolution, and Toxicity of Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide on Artemia salina. Journal of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine, 2(1), 11-27.

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