Fucose

Hemerocallis citrina Borani was obtained from Qingyang, Gansu, China. Standards of glucose, mannose, fucose, rhamnose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, ribose, and galacturonic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Absolute ethanol was purchased from Fuyu Fine Chemical (Tianjin, China). Trifluoroacetic acid, methanol, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, carbazole, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, sulfuric acid, Coomash bright blue, chloroform, potassium bromide, sodium azide, sodium acetate, anthranone, and other reagents were purchased from Solarbio Biotechnology (Beijing, China). ABTS and FRAP assay kits were purchased from Suzhou Keming Biotechnology (Suzhou, China). Distilled water was used in these experiments.

The Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China) provided the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 for use in research. Trimethylchlorosilane, hexamethyldisilane, pyridine, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were obtained from Aladdin Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, mannose, glucose, and galactose were purchased from YuanYe Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), Mw cut-off 8000–14,000 Da MWCO membranes (MD34), and 0.1% neutral red stain solution were bought from Solarbio Life Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Bovine calf serum was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). ELISA kits for the analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 were purchased from Neobioscience Technology Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). A kit for measuring nitric oxide (NO) was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).