Ethanol absolute pure

For the time-course experiments, IGEPAL^® CA-630 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA, CAS: 9002-93-1) was diluted into a TNE buffer to get 1, 0.2 and 0.08% v/v solutions. This detergent was selected for its non-denaturing properties and well-established protocol for inactivating human CoVs [50 (link)]. Ethanol (Ethanol absolute pure, PanReac AppliChem, CAS: 64-17-5) was mixed with TNE 10× buffer to get a TNE 1× 60% ethanol v/v buffer. Gradients were performed with Genie Syringe Pump (Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT, USA).

Silver nitrate (99.9%),
sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC) (ACS reagent grade), oleylamine
(70%) (OLA), 1-DDT (≤98%), and toluene (99.5%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. Heterofunctional methoxy PEG thiol (HS-PEG-OMe)
with different molecular weights (MW = 750, 2000, 5000 g·mol^–1) were acquired from RAPP Polymere and used without
further purification. Chloroform (CHCl₃, 99.6%) and ethanol
absolute pure (99.8%) were purchased from PanReac AppliChem. Dichloromethane
(99.8%) and tetrachloroethylene (99.9%) were obtained from Labchem.
The aqueous dispersion of Ag₂S-PEG at a concentration of
1.5 mg·mL^–1 was acquired from Sinano Corp.
(China) and used without further modification.