Bipolar surface electrodes (Bagnoli DE-2.1, Delsys Inc., Natick, MA, United States) with an inter-electrode distance of 10 mm and an electrode size of 1x10 mm were applied according to SENIAM guidelines (Hermens et al., 1999 ). The electrodes were applied on SOL to obtain the recruitment curve for this muscle and on TA to control for coactivity. The position and orientation of the electrodes were consistent with the SENIAM guidelines (Hermens et al., 1999 ). To reduce impedance at the skin-electrode contact point we lightly abraded the skin with emery paper and cleaned it with alcohol. The reference electrode was placed on the right acromion. The EMG signal was amplified (×1,000 or ×100 if the signal saturated at ± 5V with an amplification of 1,000), bandpass filtered between 20 and 450 Hz, sampled at 4 kHz (Micro 1401, Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and stored on a computer.
Micro 1401
Manufactured by Cambridge Electronic Design
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
The Micro 1401 is a data acquisition device designed for laboratory applications. It features high-speed data capture, digital and analog input/output capabilities, and real-time control functionality. The device is capable of recording and processing various types of signals, enabling researchers and scientists to collect and analyze data in their experiments and studies.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Spike2, by Cambridge Electronic Design (26 mentions)
Signal 4, by Cambridge Electronic Design (4 mentions)
Telemyo 2400r, by Noraxon (3 mentions)
Bagnoli de 2, by Delsys (2 mentions)
Model 3000, by A-M Systems (2 mentions)
Sylgard base, by Dow (2 mentions)
Neurolog, by Digitimer (2 mentions)
Power 1401, by Cambridge Electronic Design (2 mentions)
Multiclamp 700b amplifier, by Molecular Devices (2 mentions)
Online spike processor, by Digitimer (2 mentions)
Neurolog headstage, by Digitimer (2 mentions)
Borosilicate glass suction electrode, by Harvard Apparatus (2 mentions)
Prism 5, by GraphPad (1 mentions)
Stereotaxic apparatus, by Kopf Instruments (1 mentions)
Signal software v 4, by Cambridge Electronic Design (1 mentions)
Alexa 568, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Axoclamp 900a amplifier, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions)
Syringe pump, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions)
Model d440, by Digitimer (1 mentions)
Model ds5, by Digitimer (1 mentions)
63 protocols using micro 1401
1
Muscle Activation Measurement Protocol
2
Digitized Analysis of Cardiovascular and Neurophysiological Data
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The analog signals of blood pressure and nerve activity were digitized (Micro1401, Cambridge Electronic Design, UK) and analyzed using software (Spike 2, Cambridge Electronic Design, UK). Results are given as the mean ± standard error (SE), and data were evaluated statistically using the Student’s (unpaired) t test or paired t tests (Prism 5; GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The statistical significance level was set at 5%.
3
Optogenetic Activation of Virally Infected AOB M/T Cells
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To demonstrate that virally infected AOB M/T cells produce functional responses upon optical activation, extracellular recordings were conducted in several additional Pcdh21-Cre+ males that had been infected with AAV-ChR2 into the AOB at least three weeks earlier. Mice were anesthetized with urethane (10 mg/kg) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (David Kopf Instruments) with heating pad to maintain core body temperature. A small hole was drilled over the inferior cerebral vein to allow an optical fiber to be stereotaxically lowered 1.8 mm below the dura along the midline. A second hole was drilled using coordinates described by DiBenedictis et al. (2014) (link) for locating the medial amygdala using the interaural line as a reference point (AP, +2.7 mm; ML, ±2.00 mm; DV, -5.5 mm). A final hole drilled on the ipsilateral side was used to install a reference electrode. A tungsten microelectrode (FHC) attached to a micro-drive was lowered into the medial amygdala. Once spontaneous activity was detected, laser stimulation of the AOB (5-ms pulses, 20 Hz) was applied for 5 s at varying levels of power, and neuronal activity was captured using an amplifier (FHC) and a Micro1401 (Cambridge Electronic Design) data acquisition system. After completion of recordings an electrolytic lesion was made at the site (200 µA, 25 s) to verify placement of the electrode.
4
Voluntary Activation Evaluation During Knee Extension
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During maximal unilateral (right leg) isometric knee‐extension trials (knee angle of 110°), a 100 Hz doublet was given at the force plateau and 2 s after the cessation of the action (i.e., potentiated doublet). One trial was performed without electrical stimulation, in order to set the target force level for subsequent trials. Two subsequent trials were performed with electrical stimulation procedures at PRE and POST24 (1 min rest between trials), and only one trial at POST, 2 min 30 s after the loading protocol. Voluntary activation level (VA%) was determined by the following equation (Bellemare & Bigland‐Ritchie, 1984 (link)):
All electrical stimulation trials were recorded by Signal software (v.4.10; Cambridge Electronic Design) after being passed through an analog‐to‐digital converter (Micro 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design), sampled at 2,000 Hz, and analysed offline by manually positioning cursors identifying electrically induced force increases without filtering.
All electrical stimulation trials were recorded by Signal software (v.4.10; Cambridge Electronic Design) after being passed through an analog‐to‐digital converter (Micro 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design), sampled at 2,000 Hz, and analysed offline by manually positioning cursors identifying electrically induced force increases without filtering.
5
Anterior Ethmoid Nerve Recording
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The anterior ethmoid nerve was identified in the anterior cranial fossa along its course within the dura mater from the anterior ethmoid foramen inferiorly to the cribroethmoid foramen rostrally where the nerve enters the nasal cavity [38 (link)].
The ethmoid nerve was cut as close to its entering in the cranial vault through the ethmoid foramen as possible and the distal cut end freed of surrounding dura over a length of approximately 4 mm sufficient to attach a glass recording electrode to the cut end by light suction. The glass recording electrode was filled with physiological solution and the tip cut with a sapphire blade to match the diameter of the ethmoid nerve. Signals were recorded over the sealing resistance relative to an Ag/AgCl pellet in the bath using a differential amplifier (NL104A, Digitimer, City, UK). Signals were filtered (low-pass 5 kHz, 80 dB Bessel), digitized (20 kHz, micro 1401, Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) and stored to disk for subsequent analysis.
The ethmoid nerve was cut as close to its entering in the cranial vault through the ethmoid foramen as possible and the distal cut end freed of surrounding dura over a length of approximately 4 mm sufficient to attach a glass recording electrode to the cut end by light suction. The glass recording electrode was filled with physiological solution and the tip cut with a sapphire blade to match the diameter of the ethmoid nerve. Signals were recorded over the sealing resistance relative to an Ag/AgCl pellet in the bath using a differential amplifier (NL104A, Digitimer, City, UK). Signals were filtered (low-pass 5 kHz, 80 dB Bessel), digitized (20 kHz, micro 1401, Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) and stored to disk for subsequent analysis.
6
Dual-Site In Vivo Electrophysiology in Rats
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In vivo dual-site extracellular recordings were conducted as described with a few modifications (Noguchi et al., 2017 ; Chen et al., 2019 ). Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (IP 80 mg/kg, Sigma, United States) then head-fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus (RWD Life Science, China) with body temperature maintained between 36 and 37°C. When necessary, a supplemental dose of anesthesia was given based on tail reflex. After a midline skin incision was made, two skull holes were drilled above the ACC (2.5 mm anterior to the bregma, 0.4 mm lateral to the midline, 1.7-2.0 mm depth) and the dorsal CA1 subregion of the HIPP (3.6 mm posterior to the bregma, 2.0 mm lateral to the midline, 2.2–2.5 mm depth, 10°) under a stereomicroscope (Sunny Optical Technology, China). Two glass microelectrodes for recording (filled with 0.5 M NaCl, resistance 4–6 MΩ) were slowly inserted until the tips of the electrodes reached the ACC and hippocampal CA1. Each recorded signal was amplified (1,000x) by an electrometer amplifier (Model 3000; A-M Systems, United States) and digitized via a D/A converter (Micro 1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, Ltd., United Kingdom), then sent to data acquisition software (Spike2; Cambridge Electronic Design).
7
Extracellular Recordings of Crustacean Nervous System
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Extracellular recordings were obtained by placing one wire of a paired electrode along a section of a nerve isolated from the saline by petroleum jelly and the other wire in the main saline compartment. Extracellular recordings of the lateral ventricular nerve (lvn), medial ventricular nerve (mvn), dorsal gastric nerve (dgn) and inferior oesophageal nerve (ion) were used to monitor the pyloric and gastric mill rhythms and MCN1 activity (Fig 1 ). MCN1 was identified based on its effects on the pyloric and gastric mill rhythms and its axonal projection through the ion [24 (link),30 (link)]. Extracellular signals were amplified using A-M Systems 1700 AC amplifiers. Intracellular recordings were obtained using sharp glass microelectrodes (resistance 25–40 MΩ) filled with Alexa 568 in 200 mM KCl (Life Technologies). Signals were amplified using an Axoclamp 900A amplifier (Molecular Devices), digitized at ~5 kHz and recorded using a Micro 1401 data acquisition interface and Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design). Dye was injected using -5 nA current injections for 30–60 minutes. The tissue was continuously superfused with C. borealis chilled saline (8–11°C).
8
Maximal Isometric Bench Press Strength
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Maximal isometric force was recorded at 90° of elbow flexion, measured with a custom‐made isometric bench press (Hulmi et al., 2017 ), equipped with two strain gauge force transducers on both sides (Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä) before exercise (pre), 1 min (1 min post‐) and 24 h (24 h post‐) after exercise. The subjects performed three maximal isometric contractions lasting from 3 to 5 s, with 15 s inter‐trial rest. The highest force value from the trials was recorded as maximum voluntary contraction. The isometric maximal repetitions were performed on a bench press with feet on the bench and the back flat. Force signals were collected via an analog‐to‐digital converter (Micro 1401, Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd) into Signal software (version 4.10, Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd) and were sampled at 1000 Hz. Analyses were performed offline using a customized script and pre‐filtering with a 10 Hz 4th‐order low‐pass Butterworth filter.
9
Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve Afferent Recordings
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Lumbar splanchnic nerve (LSN) afferent preparations were conducted as previously described (47 (link)). Briefly, the distal colorectum (splenic flexure to rectum) and associated LSN (rostral to inferior mesenteric ganglia) were isolated from mice euthanized as described earlier. The colon was cannulated with fine thread (polyester, Gutermann) in a rectangular recording chamber with Sylgard base (Dow Corning, UK) and serosally superfused (7 mL/min; 32°C–34°C) and luminally perfused (200 μL/min) by a syringe pump (Harvard apparatus, MA) with carbogenated Krebs buffer solution (95% O2–5% CO2). Krebs buffer was supplemented with 10 μM atropine and 10 μM nifedipine to prevent smooth muscle activity (49 (link)).
Borosilicate suction electrodes were used to record the multiunit activity of LSN bundles. Signals were amplified (gain 5 kHz), band pass filtered (100–1,300 Hz; Neurolog, Digitimer Ltd, UK), and digitally filtered for 50 Hz noise (Humbug, Quest Scientific, Canada). Analog signals were digitized at 20 kHz (Micro1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, UK), and signals were visualized with Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design, UK).
Borosilicate suction electrodes were used to record the multiunit activity of LSN bundles. Signals were amplified (gain 5 kHz), band pass filtered (100–1,300 Hz; Neurolog, Digitimer Ltd, UK), and digitally filtered for 50 Hz noise (Humbug, Quest Scientific, Canada). Analog signals were digitized at 20 kHz (Micro1401; Cambridge Electronic Design, UK), and signals were visualized with Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design, UK).
10
Cortical and Muscular Activity Dynamics in Leg Movements
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During dorsi-and plantar flexion tasks, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from above the leg area of the sensorimotor cortex using a cup electrode placed at the vertex (Cz) and a reference electrode placed 5 cm frontal to Cz. The vertex was determined as the intersection between the middle of the distance from nasion to inion and the middle of the distance between ears (tragus-tragus). Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from ankle muscles of the left leg following shaving and abrasion of the skin using pairs of surface electrodes (~2 cm interelectrode distance) placed over the proximal and distal ends of the anterior tibial muscle (TA), over the middle of soleus (SOL) and over the medial head of gastrocnemius (GM). The ground electrode was a lead plate covered with a damp cloth placed on the left elbow. EEG and EMG signals were amplified (EEG x 10,000, EMG x 1000) and filtered from 5 to 1000 Hz before being digitized at 2000 Hz (Micro 1401 and Spike 2, Cambridge Electronic Design, UK).
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