The Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, standard phenolic compounds (2-hydrocinnamic acid, rutin, daidzein, equol, coffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, epigallocatechin, quercetin, ferulic acid, epicatechin, glycitein, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin gallate, genistein, and protocatechuic acid), ABTS (2,2’-azinobis(3-ethyl-benothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt), and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium acetate, potassium persulphate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Tianjin Chemical Factory (Tianjin, China). The formic acid and methanol of HPLC grade were used for the UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Besides, all other chemicals and reagents used in this work were of analytical grade, and deionized water was used in all the experiments.
Phenol reagent
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy
Phenol reagent is a colorimetric reagent used in biochemical and analytical laboratory procedures. It is a chemical solution composed primarily of phenol and other ingredients. The core function of the phenol reagent is to facilitate the detection and quantification of certain organic compounds through color-based analysis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Aluminum chloride, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid diammonium salt, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
1 1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Resveratrol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
26 protocols using phenol reagent
1
Phenolic Compounds Antioxidant Assay
2
Determination of Polyphenols and Flavonoids
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The total phenolic compound content was determined by using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent [63 ]. The blue color developed was read at 765 nm in UV/visible spectrophotometer (Jasco v-630, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan). Total flavonoids were estimated by using the Woisky and Salatino method using AlCl3 reagent [64 (link)]. The conventional and non-conventional solvent controls were performed in each determination to scan any possible interference. The determinations were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as μg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per milliliter (μg GAE/mL) and quercetin equivalents (QE) per milliliter (μg QE/mL) for polyphenols and flavonoids, respectively. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, phenol reagent, AlCl3, gallic acid, and quercetin were acquired at Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA. The extraction yield in each solvent was determined as the amount of chemical component per mL of extract.
3
Folin-Ciocalteu Assay for Antioxidant Evaluation
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Folin&Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate (≥99.5%), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (95%; DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (97%; trolox), vanillin (99%), (+)-catechin hydrate (>98%), methanol (≥99.9%), hydrochloric acid (37%), aluminum chloride (99%), sodium nitrite (≥99%), formic acid (≥98%), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (≥90%; Q-3-G), theobromine (≥98.5%), caffeine (≥98.5%), p-coumaric acid (≥98.0%) and quercetin (≥98.5%) were provided by Sigma–Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Gallic acid, ethanol (≥99.9%), sodium hydroxide (1 M), (-)-epicatechin (≥99%), procyanidin B1 (≥98.5%; PCB1), and protocatechuic acid (>97%) were supplied by Fluka (Milan, Italy).
Ultrapure water was prepared in a Milli-Q filter system (Millipore, Milan, Italy).
Ultrapure water was prepared in a Milli-Q filter system (Millipore, Milan, Italy).
4
Antioxidant Capacity Assay Collection
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Ethyl alcohol (95%), ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside, Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, Griess' reagent for nitrite, aluminum chloride, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), sodium acetate, L-ascorbic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulfate, sodium nitroprusside, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
5
Tyrosinase Inhibitory Assay and Antioxidant Evaluation
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Tyrosinase from mushroom (SLBJ5647, activity of 5771 unit/mg), 3,4-dihydroxy-l -phenylalanine (l -DOPA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Folin and Ciocalteu’s Phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthaizol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), kojic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, oxyresveratrol, resveratrol, and glabridin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Disodium hydrogen phosphate and disodium carbonate were supplied by Merck Millipore (Temecula, California, USA). l -ascorbic acid and aluminium choride were purchased from Ajax Finechem (Taren Point, Australia).
6
Quantification of Bioactive Compounds
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The standard of rutin, galic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, HPLC grade methanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ethanol were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), stevioside and rebaudioside A were from TransMIT (Geiben, Germany), HPLC-grade acetonitrile and sodium acetate were from Sharlau Chemie S. A. (Sentmenat, Spain), HCl, sodium carbonate and acetic acid were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), hexamethylenetetramine and aluminium chloride were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Lancashire, UK). All solutions were prepared with ultrapure 18.2 MΩ water from a Watek ultrapure water purification system (Watek Ltd., Ledeč nad Sázavou, Czech Republic).
7
Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis Protocol
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N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), alkane standards (C8–C20 and C21–C40), meta-phosphoric acid, 2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium salt hydrate, l-ascorbic acid, (+)-catechin, vanillin reagent, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), β-carotene, Tween 40, linoleic acid, iron (III) chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrite, and phenolic standards, including, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, paraben, and cinnamic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, hydrochloric acid fuming 37%, pyridine, aluminum chloride, and sodium chloride were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Acetone, n-hexane, and hexane were purchased from CABLO ERBA Reagent, S.A.S (Val de Reuil Cedex, France). Methanol and all other chemicals and solvents were of the highest commercial grade and obtained from Honeywell (St. Muskegon, MI, USA).
8
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol
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AAPH (2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), D-glucose, phenol reagent, fluorescein sodium salt and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was acquired from VWR (Saint-Prix, France). SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate, purissimum-CODEX) was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain), sodium hydroxide, glacial acetic acid and sulfuric acid were supplied by Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), acetone, glycerol and bromophenol blue indicator (ACS reagent) were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The Silica (SiO2) was purchased from Supelco Analytical™, diatomaceous earth and other materials for generation of PLE extracts were purchased from Dionex (Dionex, Leeds, UK).
9
Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
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The following chemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA: ascorbic acid, 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, vanillin, (+)-catechin, sulfuric acid, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), ferric chloride (FeCl3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), copper(II) chloride (CuCl2), iron(II) chloride (FeCl2), ethanolic neocuproine, Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, 2,2′-bipyridyl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and propidium iodide (PI). Potassium persulfate (Junsei, Japan), HPLC grade methanol, and ethanol (J.T Baker, U.S.A) were the other chemicals used.
RPMI 1640 medium was purchased from Thermo SCIENTIFIC, DMEM from Gendepot, and the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) from Dojindo Laboratories.
RPMI 1640 medium was purchased from Thermo SCIENTIFIC, DMEM from Gendepot, and the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) from Dojindo Laboratories.
10
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Protocol
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ABTS (2,2’‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl), (‐) EC, Fast Blue BB (4‐benzoylamino‐2,5‐dimethoxybenzenediazonium chloride hemi‐[zinc chloride] salt), ferric chloride (FeCl3), gallic acid, Folin & Ciocalteau's Phenol Reagent, potassium persulfate, TPTZ (2,4,6, trypyridyl‐S‐triazine), and Trolox (6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8 tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The EC stock solution (10 mg/ml in 40% ethanol) was stored frozen. Before working with this solution, the sensitivity of the strains to ethanol in microtiter plate was checked by serial dilutions, starting from 40% ethanol up to 0.65% (v v‐1); thus was found that the antimicrobial effect was found to be due to EC only.
The EC stock solution (10 mg/ml in 40% ethanol) was stored frozen. Before working with this solution, the sensitivity of the strains to ethanol in microtiter plate was checked by serial dilutions, starting from 40% ethanol up to 0.65% (v v‐1); thus was found that the antimicrobial effect was found to be due to EC only.
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