Deuterium oxide d2o

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Deuterium oxide, also known as heavy water, is a stable isotope of water with a chemical formula of D2O. It is composed of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen atom. Deuterium oxide is a colorless, odorless, and denser liquid compared to regular water.

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14 protocols using deuterium oxide d2o

Metabolite Standards and Solvent Preparation

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Metabolite
standards and solvents
were purchased from various sources. Multiple compounds were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), including acetaminophen, l-serine, l-arginine, bradykinin (reagent grade, >95%), N-acetylglucosaminyl-β-1,2-mannose, N-acetyllactosamine (LAcNAc), sucrose (>98%), palatinose (>99%
hydrate),
homoserine, and n-butylamine. The solvents deuterium
oxide (D₂O) (99.9%), acetic acid (98%), methanol (Optima
LC–MS grad), water (Optima LC–MS grade), and ammonium
acetate (98.6%) were purchased from Fisher Chemical (New Jersey, NJ).
All standards were utilized without further purification.
For
positive-ion-mode experiments, standard solutions of concentration
0.01 mg·mL^–1 in 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer
solution were prepared. The buffer solution was reduced to a pH of
4.75 by the addition of acetic acid. For negative-ion-mode experiments,
standard solutions of concentration 0.01 mg·mL^–1 in pure water were prepared. For experiments employing internal
standards of homoserine and n-butylamine, concentrations of standards
were also set at 0.01 mg·mL^–1.

DeBastiani A., Majuta S.N., Sharif D., Attanayake K., Li C., Li P, & Valentine S.J. (2021). Characterizing Multidevice Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization for In-Droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange to Enhance Compound Identification. ACS Omega, 6(28), 18370-18382.

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Perfluorinated Compound Interaction Characterization

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BSA (99% fatty acid free lyophilized powder) and trifluoromethyl acrylic acid (TFMAA) (98%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and deuterium oxide (D₂O) (99%) from Fisher Scientific (Agawam, MA). PFOA (99%), PFNA (99%), PFHxS (95%) and PFOS (98%) were obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT). The purities listed are reported by the manufactures. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was prepared at pH 7.4 with 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH₂PO₄, 136.89 mM NaCl, and 8.06 mM Na₂HPO₄•7H₂0. Chemicals were used as received from the suppliers.

Fedorenko M., Alesio J., Fedorenko A., Slitt A, & Bothun G.D. (2020). Dominant Entropic Binding of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) to Albumin Protein Revealed by 19F NMR. Chemosphere, 263, 128083.

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Solubility and Permeability Characterization

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Felodipine, ritonavir and telaprevir were purchased from Attix Pharmaceuticals (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), atazanavir from Chem-Shuttle (Jiangsu, China), and acetaminophen, nifedipine, lucifer yellow, L-a-phosphatidylcholine, n-dodecane and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pion GIT-0 lipid was purchased from Pion Inc. (Billerica, MA) while deuterium oxide (D 2 O) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were procured from Fisher Scientific (Bridgewater, NJ). Eudragit E PO was obtained from Evonik (Essen, Germany). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) MF grade were supplied by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate, also known as Kollidon VA 64 (PVPVA), was obtained from the BASF Corporation (Florham Park, NJ). PVDF filters (Durapore Ò membrane filters) were bought from MilliporeSigma (Burlington, MA). Three different filter types were used: 0.45 mm hydrophilic (HPI0.45), 0.22 mm hydrophilic (HPI0.22), and 0.45 mm hydrophobic (HPO0.45). Regenerated cellulose membranes were purchased from Spectrum Labs, a Repligen brand (Rancho Dominguez, CA).

Hate S.S., Mosquera-Giraldo L.I, & Taylor L.S. (2022). A Mechanistic Study of Drug Mass Transport from Supersaturated Solutions Across PAMPA Membranes. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 111(1).

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Synthesis and Characterization of Methacrylated Alginate

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Methacrylated alginate (AMA) was synthesized as previously described.^{24 (link), 56 (link)} Briefly, a 2% (w/v) solution of Manugel® GMB (MW≈ 170–240 kDa, FMC Biopolymer) in deionized (DI) water was mixed with a 20-fold molar excess of methacrylic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich). The solution was maintained at pH 8 using 5 N sodium hydroxide (Fisher) for 24 hours. Purification was performed via dialysis (MWCO=6–8 kDa) against DI water for 5-days, and lyophilized to yield a dry product. A 1% (w/v) AMA was prepared in deuterium oxide (D₂O, Acros Organics) and subsequently analyzed using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (Bruker AVANCE III 500 MHz high-field NMR spectrometer), for 64 scans at 20 Hz. The degree of methacrylation (DOM) was established through integration of the peaks associated with methacrylate (6.24, 5.78 ppm) and alginate methyl resonances (1.96 ppm), and calculation of the ratios between.^{29 (link), 56 (link), 58}

Fenn S.L., Charron P.N, & Oldinski R.A. (2017). Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Alginate-Based Tissue Sealants for Lung Repair. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9(28), 23409-23419.

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NMR Analysis of Metabolites

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3-(Trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) and deuterium oxide (D₂O) were supplied by Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), sodium azide and potassium deuteroxide solution (KOD) were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) and Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Silva C.L., Olival A., Perestrelo R., Silva P., Tomás H, & Câmara J.S. (2019). Untargeted Urinary 1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Pattern as a Potential Platform in Breast Cancer Detection. Metabolites, 9(11), 269.

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Functionalization of Silica Surfaces

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All compounds were used as received. 98% l-lysine, 99% hexanoic acid, 97% 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 95% O-(2-carboxyethyl)-O′-methyl-undecaethylene glycol (CMUG), 99% potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄), and 98% potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. HPLC grade acetonitrile and 99.9% tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from EMD Millipore. 99.8% methanol (MeOH), ACS grade toluene, and biotechnology grade trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from VWR. 95% 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane (APDMES) was purchased from Gelest. 99% ninhydrin, 95% fluorescamine, and 99.9% tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. 99.8% deuterium oxide (D₂O) was purchased from Acros Organics. 98% propylamine was purchased from TCI.

Miller P.J, & Shantz D.F. (2020). Covalently functionalized uniform amino-silica nanoparticles. Synthesis and validation of amine group accessibility and stability. Nanoscale Advances, 2(2), 860-868.

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Urea and Creatinine Quantification Experiments

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A replicate of each of two urine samples was used for a series of verification experiments based on quantified urea concentration; one with the lowest and the other with the highest quantified urea concentration. Furthermore, two additional single-metabolite test solutions were generated by dissolving creatinine (Acros Organics, New Jersey, USA) in deuterium oxide (D₂O; >99.8%, Acros Organics, NJ, USA) which was then diluted to a final concentration of 2 mM in either 100% D₂O or 10% D₂O with 10% Chenomx IS, DSS (0.5 mM final concentration).

Lacy P., McKay R.T., Finkel M., Karnovsky A., Woehler S., Lewis M.J., Chang D, & Stringer K.A. (2014). Signal Intensities Derived from Different NMR Probes and Parameters Contribute to Variations in Quantification of Metabolites. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85732.

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Synthesis of Isotope-Labeled Carbohydrates

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Materials used were deuterium oxide (D₂O; Acros), chloroform-D (CDCl₃; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories), sodium deuteroxide (NaOD; Acros Organic), hydroxylmethyl sulfonate (CH₃NaO₄S; Aldrich), dihydroxyacetone (C₃H₆O₃; Aldrich), glycolaldehyde (C₂H₄O₂; 0.0476 M, Omicron, C-13 labeled), sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃; Fisher), paraformaldehyde (HO-(CH₂O)_n H, C-13 labeled; Sigma), erythrulose (C₄H₈O₄; Sigma-Aldrich), glyceraldehyde (C₃H₆O₃; Sigma), boric acid (Sigma-Aldrich), and sodium carbonate (Fisher).

Kawai J., McLendon D.C., Kim H.J, & Benner S.A. (2019). Hydroxymethanesulfonate from Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide: A “Mineral” Reservoir for Formaldehyde and Other Simple Carbohydrates in Prebiotic Chemistry. Astrobiology, 19(4), 506-516.

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NMR Sample Preparation for Metabolomics

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In this study, 5% Tween 20 (Systerm, Selangor, Malaysia) was used as an emulsifier and Formalin (Systerm, Selangor, Malaysia) for preserving tissue samples. The extraction process utilized 95% ethanol (Systerm, Selangor, Malaysia) diluted into 80%. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), deuterium oxide (D₂O) (Cambridge, MA, USA), and trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TSP) (Acros Organic, Geel, Belgium) were solutions and reagents used in preparing the samples for proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) analysis. D₂O is a solvent used in ¹H NMR sample to disperse the molecules, so they do not interact with one another. This is because the protons of -OH and -NH molecules can easily exchange with water or acid. D₂O is stable since its nucleus contains one neutron and one proton (²H or D). D₂O molecules will rapidly exchange with -OH and -NH molecules and make the compound stable and stabilize the magnetic field strength [12 (link)]. KH₂PO₄ acts as a buffer to maintain the pH at a constant value of 7.4 [12 (link)]. TSP acts as a standard internal reference that worked to improve the quality of the data by calibrating the solutions using the ratio between analytes and TSP [13 ].

Zubaidi S.N., Qadi W.S., Maarof S., Mohmad Misnan N., Mohammad Noor H.S., Hamezah H.S., Baharum S.N., Rosli N., Jam F.A., Al-Olayan E., Wang C., Hellal K., Buzgaia N, & Mediani A. (2023). Assessing the Acute Toxicological Effects of Annona muricata Leaf Ethanol Extract on Rats: Biochemical, Histopathological, and Metabolomics Analyses. Toxics, 11(8), 688.

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Synthesis and Use of 4-CB-2',5'-H2Q

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4-Chlorobiphenyl-2',5'-hydroquinone (4-CB-2',5'-H₂Q) was supplied by Dr. Hans-Joachim Lehmler, the University of Iowa. The corresponding quinone, 4-CB-2',5'-Q (4-chlorobiphenyl-2',5'-benzoquinone), was synthesized using the Meerwein arylation as described by Amaro et al. (1996) (link). Human recombinant PGHS-2 (hPGHS-2) and arachidonic acid (AA) (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI). Hematin (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH); salmon sperm DNA (SA Biosciences, Frederick, MD); glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), and methionine (Met) (Research Products International Corp., Mt. Prospect, IL); and deoxyadenosine (dA), deoxyguanosine (dG), deoxycytidine (dC), and thymidine (dT) (Acros Organic, Morris Plains, NJ) were purchased from the sources indicated. Four oligonucleotides with 20 bases each, (AAAA)₅, (CCCC)₅, (GGGG)₅, and (TTTT)₅, were supplied by Integrated DNA Technology, Iowa, IA. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Fisher Chemical, Chicago, IL) was used as a vehicle for 4-CB-2',5'-H₂Q. The deuterated solvents, acetonitrile-d₃ (ACN-d₃) and deuterium oxide (D₂O), were purchased from Acros organics, NJ. Each experiment contained less than 2 % DMSO. Potassium arachidonate (KAA) was prepared by adding equal molar amounts of arachidonic acid (AA) to potassium hydroxide in aqueous solution.

Wangpradit O., Rahaman A., Mariappan S.V., Buettner G.R., Robertson L.W, & Luthe G. (2015). Breaking the dogma: PCB-derived semiquinone free radicals do not form covalent adducts with DNA, GSH, and amino acids. Environmental science and pollution research international, 23(3), 2138-2147.

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