Su 70 field emission scanning electron microscope

The microstructural features of the beads and their compositions were examined using the Hitachi SU-70 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) with Oxford Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) (Hitachi, Buckinghamshire, UK). Before examination, each bead was cross-sectioned and covered with a thin platinum layer. The working parameters for FE-SEM-EDX were: 20 kV accelerating voltage, working distance between 16.8 and 17.6 mm, 30° elevation and 20 keV energy level.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were recorded on a D8 Advance diffractometer equipped with a Lynxeye Xe detector (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was measured with a thermal K-α instrument, the X-ray emission source is Al-K-α rays (hν ≈ 1486.6 eV), and the experimental binding energy data are corrected to C 1 s = 284.8 eV. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the prepared material were detected on an SU-70 field emission scanning electron microscope (SU-70, Hitachi, Japan) under an accelerating voltage of 5 kV. For the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM images were obtained using the transmission electron microscope (Tecnai G2F20S-Twin, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) under an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. UV–vis spectra were recorded on the spectrometer (TU1901, P-General, Samutprakarn, Thailand). The SERS performance was examined using a ProSp-Micro40-VIS Raman system (Hangzhou SPL, Hangzhou, China), and QE Pro spectrometer (QE pro, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) was used to record the Raman spectra. The excitation laser wavelength was 532 nm and the power on the substrate was 1 mW. Meanwhile, the integration time was set to 10 s, and the objective lens was 50×.

Cultures for SEM analysis were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Microfluidic chambers were removed, and the cultures were dehydrated in an ethanol gradient and stored in acetone. Coverslips were critical-point dried, sputter coated with platinum and examined using a Hitachi SU-70 field emission scanning electron microscope.

The morphology of the composites was observed using a SU-70 field emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Japan) operated at 10 kV. Tensile tests were performed on an AGS-X electronic universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Japan) with a speed of 10 mm min⁻¹ and the typical specimen dimension of 80 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm. The bending performance of the material was tested with the AGS-X electronic universal testing machine with a specimen size of 20 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm. Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained on an iS10 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, USA). Thermogravimetric analysis under nitrogen atmosphere was carried out on an STA 409EP Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer (Netzsch, Germany) from 30 °C to 800 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. DSC data were collected on a 204 F1 differential scanning colorimetry (Netzsch, Germany) from 25 °C to 350 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ under nitrogen atmosphere. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis was conducted with a 242E Analyzer (Netzsch, Germany) from 25 °C to 250 °C with a heating rate of 3 °C min⁻¹. The tests were performed in the double cantilever beam mode with a sample size of 60 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm, a frequency of 1.0 Hz and an amplitude of 5 μm. Gas adsorption tests were carried out on a ASAP 2460 2.02 (MicroActive, USA). The degassing temperature was 350 °C, and the degassing time was 8 h.