Minimum essential medium eagle mem

Proanthocyanidins (PC, MW = 594.52), iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O), anhydrous sodium acetate and tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane(Tris)(≥99 %) were obtained from Macklin. K₆-(linker-RGD)₃ (K₆-RGD, MW = 2111.51) and K₆-linker-(YGFGG)₂ (K₆-OGP, MW = 1864.18) synthesized by Hangzhou All Peptide Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Scheme 1a). Cell culture reagents including fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) were from Gibco. Paraformaldehyde, Triton X-100, rhodamine phalloidin (phalloidin-TRITC), 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), the ROS assay kit and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay kit were purchased from Sigma, Dojindo Laboratories and Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology. Titanium (Ti) plates, Ti rods and round glass coverslips (14 mm diameter, NEST) were cleaned with piranha solution (70 % H₂SO₄ and 30 % H₂O₂, V/V) at 98 °C for 2 h, followed by rinsing with Milli-Q water, and drying in a mild air stream before use (Caution: Piranha solution is highly oxidizing and corrosive and should be prepared and used with extreme caution). Experiments utilized deionized (DI) water purified by a Milli-Q system to a resistivity of over 18.25 MΩ cm.