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β actin a2066

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β-actin (A2066) is a cytoskeletal protein that is highly conserved across various species. It is commonly used as a reference gene or loading control in molecular biology experiments, such as Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry, to normalize the expression of target genes or proteins.

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5 protocols using β actin a2066

1

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Signaling

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Cells and xenograft tumor samples were resuspended in high SDS-RIPA Buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM Sodium Chloride, 1 % Triton X-100, 1 % sodium deoxycholate, 1 % SDS, 2 mM EDTA; Sigma Aldrich). Tissues were disrupted and homogenized with a TissueLyser II (Qiagen) for 2 × 2 min intervals at 30Hz. Protein concentration was determined using the Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). A total of 15–50 μg of protein extracts were loaded onto NuPAGE® Novex® 4–12 % Bis-Tris Protein Gels (Life Technologies) and subsequently transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using the iBlot® Dry Blotting System (Life Technologies). The blots were developed using SuperSignal™ West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific). Antibodies: S6-Ribosomal protein (5G10), Phospho-S6 Ribosomal protein (Ser240/244) (D68F8), Phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) (236B4), p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (137 F5), and Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) (D13.14.4E) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. C-MYC (Y69) and N-MYC (NCM II 100) were purchased from Abcam. FLAG (M2) and β-actin (A2066) antibodies were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
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2

Mammary Gland Protein Extraction

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Total mammary gland and tumor protein extracts were obtained from snap frozen tissue that was pulverized under liquid N2 as described [35 (link)]. After the addition of RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, pH 7.5, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 1 μM pepstatin, 1 μM leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mM Na2VO4), the samples were sonicated then incubated on ice for 30 min. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 9000 g for 20 min at 4 °C. Protein samples were aliquoted and frozen at − 80C. Densitometry was performed using ImageJ.
Antibodies: β-actin #A-2066; SMA #ABT1487 (both Sigma), P-Stat3 #9134, Stat3 #9139, p53(D2H90) #32532S, Bim #2433S (all from Cell Signaling), Puma #ab54288, vinculin #ab129003, Smad3 #ab84177, (all Abcam); gapdh (Biolegend, #MMS-5805); NF-κB2(p52) (#06–413), Bcl-2 (#5826) (both Upstate); RelB (C-19) #sc-226, p65/RelA #sc-109, p50(H-119) #sc7178, Id3(2B11) #sc-56712, (all Santa Cruz).
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3

Oxidative Stress in CaCo-2 Cells

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Human colon epithelial cells CaCo-2 (ATCC®HTB-37™) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). The compounds for cell cultures were purchased by Euroclone (Euroclone, Italy). Carboxy-H2DCFDA (C400) was supplied by Invitrogen (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Goat polyclonal anti-AGE (AB9890) antibodies and rabbit polyclonal β-actin (A2066) were purchased by Sigma Aldrich (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents have also been purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA).
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4

Protein Profiling by Western Blot

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Cell lysates, SDS-PAGE and Western blot were performed as described in [5 (link)]. Antibodies used were: ATM p-Ser1981 #13050, Chk2 p-Thr68 #2661, Chk2 #2662, Chk1 p-Ser345 #2341, Chk1 #2360, KAP1 #5868, cleaved caspase 3 (Asp175) #9661 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), KAP1 p-Ser473 #644602 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA), ATM #AF1655 (R&D Systems Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN, USA), vinculin #V9131, β-actin #A2066 (Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA). Detection was performed by exposure to standard X-ray films or by a CCD camera system (UVITEC, Cambridge, UK).
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5

Characterization of Breast Cancer Cell Lines

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Human WT- ER+ BC cells MCF7, ZR75, and T47D, human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), murine mammary epithelial cells (HC11), primary human endometrial epithelial cells (HEEC), primary human endometrial stromal cells (HESC), and primary human nontumorigenic immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells (IOSE-80) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and were maintained using ATCC recommended media. MCF7 and ZR75 model cells stably overexpressing PELP1 cDNA or PELP1-shRNA have been described previously (18 (link)). MCF7-TamR (tamoxifen resistant) and MCF7-LTLT (letrozole resistant) cells were cultured in tamoxifen or letrozole (1 μM) containing media (19 ). MCF7(Y537S) and MCF7(D538G) MT- ER+ BC cell lines were described previously (20 (link)). ZR75(Y537S) and ZR75(D538G) MT- ER+ BC cell lines were generated in our lab (19 ). All model cells utilized were free of mycoplasma contamination. Additionally, STR DNA profiling was used to confirm the identity of cells. The GAPDH (8884) antibody was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). The β-Actin (A-2066) and Vinculin antibodies (V9264) were purchased from Millipore Sigma (Burlington, MA). The Ki67 antibody (ab1667) was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). The PELP1 antibody (A300-180A) was purchased form Bethyl Laboratories Inc. (Montgomery, TX).
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