Amphotericin b

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Brazil, France, Japan, Poland, Austria, Australia, Switzerland, Macao, Canada, Belgium, Ireland, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, India, Sweden, Israel, Senegal, Argentina, Portugal

Amphotericin B is a laboratory reagent used as an antifungal agent. It is a macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces nodosus. Amphotericin B is commonly used in research and biomedical applications to inhibit the growth of fungi.

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Lab products found in correlation

Streptomycin, by Merck Group (394 mentions) Penicillin, by Merck Group (367 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (207 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Merck Group (139 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Merck Group (109 mentions) L glutamine, by Merck Group (99 mentions) Fluconazole, by Merck Group (87 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (84 mentions) Penicillin g, by Merck Group (74 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (72 mentions) Gentamicin, by Merck Group (71 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (69 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (68 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (67 mentions) Vancomycin, by Merck Group (50 mentions) Caspofungin, by Merck Group (47 mentions) Voriconazole, by Merck Group (45 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Merck Group (44 mentions) Rpmi 1640 medium, by Merck Group (43 mentions) L glutamine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (41 mentions)

1 634 protocols using amphotericin b

Cultivation of Insect Cell Lines

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The selected cell lines were available to the labs participating in this study.
High Five cells (Trichoplusia ni) were maintained at 27.5 °C in IPL-41 Insect Medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Bornem, Belgium), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.25 µg/mL amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies, Merelbeke, Belgium).
TcA cells (Tribolium castaneum) were maintained at 27.5 °C in EX-CELL^® 420 medium (Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 µg/mL human insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.25 µg/mL amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies, Merelbeke, Belgium).
S2 cells (D. melanogaster) were maintained at 25 °C in Shields and Sang M3 Insect Medium (Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with 1 g/L yeast extract (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5 g/L Bacto™ Peptone (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.25 µg/mL amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies).

Santos D., Mingels L., Vogel E., Wang L., Christiaens O., Cappelle K., Wynant N., Gansemans Y., Van Nieuwerburgh F., Smagghe G., Swevers L, & Vanden Broeck J. (2019). Generation of Virus- and dsRNA-Derived siRNAs with Species-Dependent Length in Insects. Viruses, 11(8), 738.

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Circadian Rhythm in Hibernating Bears

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Four juvenile bears were anesthetized during winter dormancy as previously described [32 (link)]. An area of the rump was shaved and surgically prepared. A small skin sample was collected using a 6 mm biopsy punch and immediately placed in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4500 mg/l glucose, 50 % Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1 % pennicillin/streptomycin solution at 4 °C until processed as follows. Each tissue sample was disrupted mechanically by trituration and the dispersed cells incubated in warm DMEM supplemented with 20 % FCS, 1/100 amphotericin B (Sigma A2942) and 0.2 ml Liberase Blendzyme 3 at 37 °C and 5 % CO₂ for about 6 h. The digested tissue was then washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and re-suspended in DMEM with 20 % FCS and amphotericin B, and placed under a Millipore Millicell CM membrane disc and left overnight at 37 °C. On the following day, the membrane was removed, the cells were washed with PBS, and incubated in DMEM supplemented with either 10 % FCS, 10 % bear dormant serum or 10 % bear active season serum, all containing 1 % Penicillin/Streptomycin, and L-glutamine and cultured overnight. The cells were then infected with a mouse Bmal1-luciferase encoding lentivirus, synchronized with dexamethasone and the luminescence measured for 5 days at 37 °C using a luminometer as described previously [61 (link)].

Jansen H.T., Leise T., Stenhouse G., Pigeon K., Kasworm W., Teisberg J., Radandt T., Dallmann R., Brown S, & Robbins C.T. (2016). The bear circadian clock doesn’t ‘sleep’ during winter dormancy. Frontiers in Zoology, 13, 42.

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Culturing Mesenchymal Stem Cells and C17.2 Cells

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MSCs (Cultrex; Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) were cultured in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM; 78%), fetal bovine serum (FBS; 10%), horse serum (10%), penicillin-streptomycin (1%) (Gibco, Paisley, UK), and amphotericin-B (1%) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Cell passage numbers between 7 and 18 were used. C17.2 cells were provided by Dr. Markus Aswendt and Prof. Mathias Hoehn (Max-Planck Institute, Cologne, Germany) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; 78%), FBS (10%), horse serum (5%), penicillin-streptomycin (1%) (Gibco), and amphotericin-B (1%) (Sigma-Aldrich).

Argibay B., Trekker J., Himmelreich U., Beiras A., Topete A., Taboada P., Pérez-Mato M., Iglesias-Rey R., Sobrino T., Rivas J., Campos F, & Castillo J. (2016). Easy and Efficient Cell Tagging with Block Copolymer-Based Contrast Agents for Sensitive MRI Detection in Vivo. Cell transplantation, 25(10).

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Bovine Mammary Gland Explant Isolation

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To obtain bovine mammary gland explants, we used the method described by Rabot et al. (2006) . In sterile conditions, mammary gland samples were obtained from 18 cows soon after slaughter at a commercial meat processing plant. The material was sectioned (7 × 3 cm) with the use of surgical tweezers and a number 21 scalpel, washed with PBS (Gibco, Seaforth, Ontario, Canada), and supplemented with penicillin G (Gibco; 100 μg/mL), streptomycin (Gibco; 100 μg/mL), and amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich; 2.5 μg/mL). The sections were placed in tubes with basal culture medium DMEM/F12 (Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with insulin (Lilly, Indianapolis, IN; 10 μg/mL), hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich; 0.5 μg/mL), penicillin G (Gibco; 100 μg/mL), streptomycin (Gibco; 100 μg/mL), and amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich; 2.5 μg/mL), and immediately transported to the laboratory. Under a laminar flow hood, the udder sections were again manipulated with the aid of the PUNCH (Keys, São Paulo, Brazil) biopsy instrument to obtain explants of approximately 5 × 2.5 mm. For the viability tests, we conducted 2 independent experiments for each propolis, with 3 repetitions per test, totaling 6 repetitions for each extract tested. Explants from the same animal were submitted to all concentrations of the same extract.

Fiordalisi S.A.L., Honorato L.A., Loiko M.R., Avancini C.A.M., Veleirinho M.B.R., Filho L.C.P.M, & Kuhnen S. (2016). The effects of Brazilian propolis on etiological agents of mastitis and the viability of bovine mammary gland explants. Journal of dairy science, 99(3).

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Arenavirus Pseudoparticle Entry Assay

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Arenavirus GP-expressing pseudoparticles (GPpp) encoding GFP were produced by transfecting 293T cells with pCMV-MLV gag-pol, pCMV-MLV GFP encoding a CMV-GFP internal transcriptional unit and the pI.18 plasmid encoding the arenavirus GP of interest, at a ratio of 0.6:0.9:0.6 μg using 1 mg/ml PEI MAX^®. GPpp supernatants were harvested through a 0.45 μm filter 48 h post transfection. GPpp supernatants were titrated on A549 cells by flow cytometry, performed using a BD FACSCanto II flow-cytometer (Becton Dickinson), collecting 10,000 events, and analysed using FlowJo software.
Cells were infected with arenavirus GP retroviral pseudoparticles, encoding GFP at an MOI of 0.3 in complete growth media and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Infected cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Samples were gated on live cells for 10,000 events and analysed for expression of GFP. To test the effect of IFN1 on arenavirus GP mediated cell entry, cells were treated with IFN1 (universal type 1 IFN, PBL Interferon Source) for 4 h prior and throughout infection. To assess the effect of amphotericin B on the restriction of arenavirus entry by ZMPSTE24 and the co-operative action with IFITMs, relevant stable A549 cell lines were treated with 1 μM amphotericin B (Sigma Aldrich) for 1 h at 37°C prior to infection and following infection with arenavirus GP pseudoparticles.

Stott-Marshall R.J, & Foster T.L. (2022). Inhibition of Arenavirus Entry and Replication by the Cell-Intrinsic Restriction Factor ZMPSTE24 Is Enhanced by IFITM Antiviral Activity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 840885.

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Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture

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Explant culture of human dental pulp derived MSC was performed according to our previous published protocol.8 (link) Briefly, pulps were extirpated, treated with antibiotic antimycotic solution (penicillin 100U/mL, streptomycin 100μg/mL, amphotericin B 0.25μg/mL), rinsed in 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc, USA) and minced into approximately 1–2 mm³ pieces using surgical blade. Minced fragments were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified essential medium F12 (DMEM-F12) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc, USA) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin 100U/mL, streptomycin 100μg/mL, amphotericin B 0.25μg/mL, 1mM sodium pyruvate and 2mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc, USA). DPSC and SHED were cryopreserved (90% FBS and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., USA) in liquid nitrogen after establishing primary culture and were subsequently thawed and expanded for later use.

Naz S., Khan F.R., Khan I., Zohra R.R., Salim A., Mohammed N, & Ahmad T. (2022). Comparative analysis of dental pulp stem cells and stem cells from human exfoliated teeth in terms of growth kinetics, immunophenotype, self-renewal and multi lineage differentiation potential for future perspective of calcified tissue regeneration. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 38(5), 1228-1237.

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Porcine Kidney and Tick Cell Culture

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Porcine kidney stable (PS) cells [27 (link)] were cultured at 37 °C in L-15 (Leibovitz) medium (PAA Laboratories, Pasching, Austria) supplemented with 3% newborn calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), 2 mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) and 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). The tick cell line IRE/CTVM19 [28 (link)] derived from Ixodes ricinus embryos was grown at 28 °C in L-15 (Leibovitz) medium supplemented with 10% tryptose phosphate broth, 20% foetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). The Czech prototype TBEV strain Hypr was originally isolated from the blood of a 10-year-old child diagnosed with tick-borne encephalitis in 1953 [29 (link)]. Subsequently, the strain was propagated through 4 mouse brain passages and used directly as the parental virus strain in our experiments.

Helmová R., Hönig V., Tykalová H., Palus M., Bell-Sakyi L, & Grubhoffer L. (2020). Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Adaptation in Different Host Environments and Existence of Quasispecies. Viruses, 12(8), 902.

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Isolation and Characterization of Halophilic Bacterial Strains

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To enumerate and isolate halophilic strains, we used Marine Broth (MB; Difco, Sparks, USA), Long and Hammer Agar (LH; [44] ) and Halomonas Medium (HM; [45] ). Different concentrations of salt were supplemented in MB (0, 4, 6 and 8% NaCl). In order to prevent fungal growth, Amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to a final concentration of 20 μg/ml (50 mg/ml stock solution of Alfa Aesar ™ Amphotericin B from Streptomyces nodosus in DMSO). Cultivable bacterial strains were enumerated using serial dilutions of homogenized cheese samples in sterile 0.9% NaCl solution. Population counts of cheese rinds were determined by 10 -3 to 10 -7 dilutions and incubated 48-72 h at 20, 25 and 30°C. For each cheese, the plates with a bacterial count comprised between 20 and 200 clones were selected for isolate characterization. An initial selection of apparently different isolates (morphotypes) was performed based on colony morphology (color, shape, elevation, pigmentation and opacity). A representative of each morphotype was then restreaked on a new plate for subsequent DNA extraction.

Kothe C.I., Bolotin A., Kraïem B., Dridi B., Team F., & Renault P. (2020). Unraveling the world of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria in cheese by combining cultural, genomic and metagenomic approaches.

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Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma Cell Culture

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Human osteoblastic osteosarcoma MG-63 cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Invitrogen Gibco Cell Culture Products, Carlsbad, CA, USA). DMEM medium was supplemented with gentamicin 50 mg/mL (Braum Medical SA, Jaén, Spain), amphotericin B 2.5 mg/mL (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), amphotericin B 2.5 mg/mL (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), glutamine 1% (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and HEPES 2% (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), penicillin 100 IU/mL (Lab Roger SA, Barcelona, Spain), 2% HEPES (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 1% glutamine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and subsequently supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Paisley, UK). A humidified atmosphere at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO₂ was used to maintain the cultures. A solution with 0.05% trypsin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.02% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to detach the cells from the culture flask. After this, the cells were resuspended in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS [29 (link)]. MG-63 cells were seeded onto both groups of collagen membranes (Col-M and GG-M) and cultured with or without the presence of a nitrogen-containing BP, zoledronate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a dose of 50 μM for 48 h.

Manzano-Moreno F.J., de Luna-Bertos E., Toledano-Osorio M., Urbano-Arroyo P., Ruiz C., Toledano M, & Osorio R. (2023). Biomimetic Collagen Membranes as Drug Carriers of Geranylgeraniol to Counteract the Effect of Zoledronate. Biomimetics, 9(1), 4.

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Preparation of Stock Solutions for Antipsychotic and Antifungal Drugs

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Standard powders of quetiapine (Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa), olanzapine (Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa), fluconazole (Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa) and amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich, South Africa) were used in this study. quetiapine and olanzapine were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (Merck, South Africa) to each yield a stock solution of 1,000 mg/ml. fluconazole was reconstituted in distilled water (final stock solution of 1,000 mg/ml) while amphotericin B was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Merck, South Africa) to yield a stock concentration of 1,000 mg/ml. The concentrations of drug diluents, in which the stock solutions were prepared, never exceeded 1%.

Ogundeji A.O., Pohl C.H, & Sebolai O.M. (2017). The Repurposing of Anti-Psychotic Drugs, Quetiapine and Olanzapine, as Anti-Cryptococcus Drugs. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 815.

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