Microct 35

Manufactured by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland

The MicroCT 35 is a microfocus X-ray computed tomography (microCT) system designed for high-resolution 3D imaging and analysis of small samples. The system utilizes a microfocus X-ray source and a high-resolution detector to capture detailed volumetric data of the internal structure and composition of the sample.

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Lab products found in correlation

Inveon multimodality 3d visualization program, by Siemens (3 mentions) Rnalater solution, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Neutral buffered formalin, by Avantor (1 mentions) Aqueous osmium tetroxide, by Polysciences (1 mentions) Sf100 4, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Osirix, by Pixmeo (1 mentions) Demeclocycline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Calcein, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Osteomeasure image analyzer, by OsteoMetrics (1 mentions) Microct v6, by Scanco (1 mentions) Mimics research v 21, by Materialise (1 mentions) Sz16 stereomicroscope, by Olympus (1 mentions) Image pro plus 6, by Media Cybernetics (1 mentions)

46 protocols using microct 35

Micro-CT Analysis of Biomaterial Gels

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Gels
with BNP concentrations 0.10, 0.15,
0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, or 0.40 g/mL were prepared and cast in 4.30
mm diameter vinyl tubes. The tubes with containing gels were embedded
into agarose with a formalin-fixed rat tibia for reference. The group
of samples were scanned in a single scan with micro-CT (Micro-CT 35,
ScanCo Medical, Brüttisellen, Switzerland; X-ray tube potential
70 kVp, integration time 300 ms, X-ray intensity 145 A, isotropic
voxel size 10 μm, frame averaging 1, projections 1000, and high-resolution
scan). Micro-CT image intensity was converted to radiodensity measured
in Hounsfield units (HU) using the formula HU = 1000 × (image
intensity – image intensity of water)/(image intensity of water).^{25 (link)} The radiodensities reported in Figure 7 and Table S2 were the average of three measurements.

Kader M.S., Weyer C., Avila A., Stealey S., Sell S., Zustiak S.P., Buckner S., McBride-Gagyi S, & Jelliss P.A. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of BaSO4–CaCO3–Alginate Nanocomposite Materials as Contrast Agents for Fine Vascular Imaging. ACS Materials Au, 2(3), 260-268.

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Microstructural Analysis of Trabecular Bone

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Microcomputed tomography scans were taken and analyzed through a SCANCO MicroCT 35 device. A total of 1000 X-ray images were obtained at a range of 180° at different angles, with a filtered back-projection algorithm used to determine the “brightness value” of each voxel. The voxels’ “brightness value” was converted to density measurements through a conversion scale determined by several “brightness values” of metal rods of a known density. The trabecular volumes were manually defined, and the TMD reported is the averaged density of voxels within that particular ROI. A trabecular ROI from the image stack was defined by manually contouring the trabecular bone roughly for an irregular anatomic region a few pixels from the cortical bone for 16 slides and interpolating that to 231 slides. The microCT scans were treated with a Gaussian filter to remove noise, and the ROIs were then subjected to auto thresholding, with the threshold for trabecular bone to be 35% maximal brightness. Several standard morphological measures of cortical and trabecular bone were reported for the contoured trabecular and cortical ROIs. TMD measured the averaged density of all voxels, including voids within the volume defined by the contours (or ROI).

Weidner H., Yuan Gao V., Dibert D., McTague S., Eskander M., Duncan R., Wang L, & Nohe A. (2019). CK2.3, a Mimetic Peptide of the BMP Type I Receptor, Increases Activity in Osteoblasts over BMP2. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(23), 5877.

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Micro-CT Analysis of Maxillary Bone

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For micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, the maxilla was dissected, fixed for 24 h in cold 10% formalin, and immersed in RNAlater solution (Thermofisher, CA) for micro-CT analysis on micro-CT-35 equipment (Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland). The percentage of bone was measured as the remaining bone volume around second molar using ITK-SNAP software. The percentage of bone volume was measured as area occupied by bone between two adjacent teeth (Mesial – between the first and the second molar; Distal – between the second and the third molar). Bone volume fraction was calculated from the bone volume (BV) and total volume (TV) as BV/TV. The alveolar bone loss was calculated by applying the distance transformation by filling maximal spheres in the bone structures using the calculation based on the density of bone as determined by the micro-CT according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol and as per the published article (Dai et al., 2016 (link)).

Palioto D.B., Finoti L.S., Kinane D.F, & Benakanakere M. (2019). Epigenetic and inflammatory events in experimental periodontitis following systemic microbial challenge. Journal of clinical periodontology, 46(8), 819-829.

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Quantifying Bone Growth over Spacer Ends

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During our pilot studies we noted significant bone growth over the spacer ends in line with a previous rodent study,^{27 (link)} so the amount of bone formation during the first surgical phase was determined using microCT. Four weeks after external fixator and spacer implantation, animals for these studies were euthanized and the operated femur was harvested (n=7–9/group). Samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (VWR, Radnor, PA) and the external fixator and Kirschner wires were carefully removed. The bone between the inner pins was scanned with microCT (MicroCT 35, ScanCo Medical, Brüttisellen, Switzerland; X-ray tube potential 70 kVp, integration time 300 ms, X-ray intensity 145 µA, isotropic voxel size 10 um, frame averaging 1, projections 1000, high resolution scan). Any bone extending from the original bone ends to cover the spacer was contoured. Because the spacers were still in place, the titanium resulted in a level of beam hardening in all samples resulting in some unavoidable artifact that would skew or obstruct measurement of finer bone architecture and mineral density. Thus extension length and total volume for the proximal and distal protrusions were the only variables quantified.

McBride-Gagyi S., Toth Z., Kim D., Ip V., Evans E., Watson J.T, & Nicolaou D. (2018). Altering spacer material affects bone regeneration in the Masquelet Technique in a Rat Femoral Defect. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

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Quantifying Alveolar Bone Loss via Micro-CT

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Mandibles were scanned with a micro-CT instrument (micro-CT35, Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) with a 15 μm voxel size with the following conditions: 114 mA, 70 kVp and 300 ms exposure time. The software accompanying the micro-CT machine was used to reconstruct the scanned images and further produce 3D microarchitectures. As described previously,25 (link) the area of remaining bone volume was determined between the mesial and distal root of the first molar according to the region of interest (ROI) in micro-CT 2D sagittal sections. In addition, the alveolar bone loss was determined by the area of the lingual root surfaces of the first mandibular molar as well as the distance from cemento-enamel junction to alveolar bone crest on the mesial, middle and distal regions of the first mandibular molar. The area and depth were measured using Image-Pro Plus ver. 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).

Wang H., Wang R., Yang J., Feng Y., Xu S, & Pei Q.G. (2023). Interactions of Fibroblast Subtypes Influence Osteoclastogenesis and Alveolar Bone Destruction in Periodontitis. Journal of Inflammation Research, 16, 3143-3156.

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EPIC-microCT Cartilage Imaging Protocol

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EPIC‐CT was performed to confirm the mineralization status of the joint using a Scanco 35 microCT instrument (Scanco Medical, Brüttisellen, Switzerland), as described previously,⁽⁴⁾ but using IOHEXOL (5‐(N‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)acetamido)‐2,4,6‐triiodo‐N,N′‐bis(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)isophthalamide, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as the contrast agent to partition cartilages. After harvest, the tibia was immersed in an IOHEXOL PBS solution of 350 mg/mL for 30 minutes and briefly rinsed. EPIC‐microCT was performed at the Yale Core Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders (YCCMD) microCT facility using a microCT 35 (Scanco Medical) and imaged in air at 6‐micron isometric voxel size with the X‐ray tube set at a peak electric potential of 45 kVp.

Macica C.M, & Tommasini S.M. (2023). Biomechanical Impact of Phosphate Wasting on Articular Cartilage Using the Murine Hyp Model of X‐linked hypophosphatemia. JBMR Plus, 7(10), e10796.

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Microstructural Analysis of Irradiated Femurs

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Four weeks after radiation, both femurs (n = 7/group) were harvested for μCT analyses (microCT 35, Scanco Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland). Briefly, the distal end of the femur corresponding to a 0 to 4.1 mm region above the growth plate was scanned at 6 μm isotropic voxel size to acquire a total of 686 μCT slices per scan. All images were first smoothed by a Gaussian filter (sigma = 1.2, support = 2.0) and then thresholded corresponding to 30% of the maximum available range of image grayscale values. The images of the secondary spongiosa regions 0.6 to 1.8 mm above the highest point of the growth plate were contoured for trabecular bone analysis. Geometric trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), trabecular number (Tb.N), and structure model index (SMI) were calculated by 3D standard microstructural analysis.^{(25 (link))} Based on thresholded whole bone images, microstructural finite element (μFE) models were generated by converting each bone voxel to an 8-node brick element. Bone tissue was modeled as an isotropic, linear elastic material with a Young’s modulus of 15 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3. A uniaxial compression was applied along the axial direction of the model and the model was subjected to a linear elastic analysis to determine bone stiffness.

Chandra A., Lin T., Young T., Tong W., Ma X., Tseng W.J., Kramer I., Kneissel M., Levine M.A., Zhang Y., Cengel K., Liu X.S, & Qin L. (2016). Suppression of Sclerostin Alleviates Radiation-Induced Bone Loss by Protecting Bone-Forming Cells and Their Progenitors Through Distinct Mechanisms. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 32(2), 360-372.

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Detailed Microarchitecture and Skeletal Analysis

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MicroCT was used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture and performed by an investigator blinded to the genotypes of the animals under analysis. Femurs excised from the indicated mice were scanned using a microCT 35 (Scanco Medical) with a spatial resolution of 7 μm. For trabecular bone analysis of the distal femur, an upper 2.1 mm region beginning 280 μm proximal to the growth plate was contoured. For cortical bone analysis of femur and tibia, a midshaft region of 0.6 mm in length was used. MicroCT scans of skulls, kidneys, and HO in muscle/achilles tendon were performed using isotropic voxel sizes of 12 μm. 3D-reconstruction images were obtained from contoured 2D images by methods based on distance transformation of the binarized images. All images presented are representative of the respective genotypes (n > 5).
Radiographic images of clavicles were taken by the Faxitron Specimen Radiography System Model Mx-20 at 26 kV for 20 s.
Skeletons were prepared for analysis of gross morphology using the method of McLeod^{66 (link)}. Briefly, mice were sacrificed, skinned, eviscerated, and fixed in 95% ethanol for a day. Then, skeletons were stained by alizarin red S and alcian blue (Sigma, A3157) solutions and sequentially cleared in 1% potassium hydroxide. All images presented are representative of the respective genotypes (n > 5).

Kim J.M., Yang Y.S., Park K.H., Ge X., Xu R., Li N., Song M., Chun H., Bok S., Charles J.F., Filhol-Cochet O., Boldyreff B., Dinter T., Yu P.B., Kon N., Gu W., Takarada T., Greenblatt M.B, & Shim J.H. (2020). A RUNX2 stabilization pathway mediates physiologic and pathologic bone formation. Nature Communications, 11, 2289.

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Quantifying Bone Marrow Adiposity using microCT

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Long bones were dissected free of soft tissues and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (Fisher #SF100-4) overnight at 4°C with gentle agitation. The next day, bones were washed in cool running tap water. The bones were decalcified in 4% EDTA for 15 days at 4°C, changing the EDTA every 3–4 days. The bones were then stained for lipid using a 1:1 mixture of 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide (Polysciences Inc, Warrington, PA) and 5% potassium dichromate for 48 hrs (34 (link)). The bones were then washed in cool running tap water for 2 hrs. Whole bones were imaged using micro-CT performed in water with energy of 55kVp, an integration time of 500 ms, and a maximum isometric voxel size of 10 μm (the “high” resolution setting with a 20mm sample holder) using a Scanco microCT-35. When creating volumes of interest (VOI), the interface between the decalcified bone and the marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is usually apparent, facilitating placement of graphical objects. When segmentation is applied, MAT can be visualized unencumbered by the surrounding bone. The data is a volumetric measurement analogous to the volumetric bone measurement, bone volume/total volume (BV/TV). As such, it is more sensitive and provides a better representation of the physical distribution of MAT than 2-dimentional data. The Yale micro-CT facility at Yale Medical School was used to perform the micro-CT analysis.

Plummer J., Park M., Perodin F., Horowitz M.C, & Hens J.R. (2016). Methionine-restricted diet increases miRNAs that can target RUNX2 expression and alters bone structure in young mice. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 118(1), 31-42.

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Quantifying Subchondral Bone and Meniscal Changes

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μCT was applied to quantify the concurrent changes of subchondral bone and meniscal ossicles. Knee joints were harvested from additional mice (n = 5 animals) at 3-month age for ex vivo μCT analyses (MicroCT 35, Scanco Medical AG, Switzerland). The joints were scanned at 6 μm isotropic voxel size and smoothed by a Gaussian filter (Sigma = 1.2, support = 2.0). The regions of interest were contoured at a threshold corresponding to 30% of the maximum image gray scale. For subchondral bone plate thickness analysis, cortical bone of the tibia plateau on the central loading regions of both the medial and lateral sides was contoured, following the established procedure.^{89 (link)} Thickness was calculated via 3D standard bone microstructural analysis provided by the manufacturer (Scanco Medical AG). For subchondral trabecular bone analysis, the regions of interest (ROIs) were defined as the trabecular bone within the entire load-bearing region on both medial and lateral sides.^{90 (link)} For each ROI, microstructural parameters, including bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness, were calculated via 3D standard trabecular bone micro-structural analysis, as provided by the manufacturer.

Han B., Li Q., Wang C., Patel P., Adams S.M., Doyran B., Nia H.T., Oftadeh R., Zhou S., Li C.Y., Liu X.S., Lu X.L., Enomoto-Iwamoto M., Qin L., Mauck R.L., Iozzo R.V., Birk D.E, & Han L. (2019). Decorin Regulates the Aggrecan Network Integrity and Biomechanical Functions of Cartilage Extracellular Matrix. ACS nano, 13(10), 11320-11333.

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