Powerlab 16sp

Manufactured by ADInstruments

Sourced in Australia, United States, Canada

The PowerLab/16SP is a multi-purpose data acquisition system designed for a wide range of scientific applications. It features 16 channels for recording and analyzing various physiological and biophysical signals. The device offers high-precision measurement capabilities and is suitable for use in research, teaching, and clinical settings.

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PowerLab (853 citations) PowerLab/16SP ML795 (7 citations) Powerlab/16SP ML 880 (4 citations) LabChart 7 (PowerLab 16sp, (3 citations) Powerlab 16SP hardware (3 citations) PowerLab/16sp system (2 citations) PowerLab/16SP model ML 795 (2 citations)

71 protocols using powerlab 16sp

Measuring Heat Tolerance in Crabs

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Heat tolerance (N = 40 crabs) was measured as the Arrhenius break point temperature for cardiac performance (Stillman 2003 (link); Stillman 2004 ). Briefly, two 25 µm copper electrodes were inserted into the dorsal surface of the carapace on either side of the heart. Electrodes were connected to impedance converters (UFI 2991, Morro Bay, CA) connected to a PowerLab16sp data acquisition system (ADinstruments, Colorado Springs, CO) with LabChart software (chart v.5). Data were recorded as voltage and converted to beats per minute. Crabs were placed into circulating aerated and temperature-controlled seawater at 12°C. Following a 30 minute recovery from handling, temperature was increased by 0.1°C/min up to 36°C. Cardiac break point temperature (CT_max) for each individual was estimated as the temperature at the intersection of best-fit lines fit the first 200 and final 60 (prior to flatline) data points (Stillman 2003 (link); Stillman 2004 ).

Gunderson A.R., Abegaz M., Ceja A.Y., Lam E.K., Souther B.F., Boyer K., King E.E., You Mak K.T., Tsukimura B, & Stillman J.H. (2019). Hot Rocks and Not-So-Hot Rocks on the Seashore: Patterns and Body-Size Dependent Consequences of Microclimatic Variation in Intertidal Zone Boulder Habitat. Integrative Organismal Biology, 1(1), obz024.

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Intracranial Fiber Optic Recording

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Glass micropipettes were pulled from borosilicate glass (OD 1.5 mm, ID 1.12 mm) on a horizontal puller (Sutter Instrument Co., Model P-97). The tip of the micropipette was coated with a fluorescence dye (Vybrant® Dil Cell-labeling solution, Life Technologies, reference V22885, MW: 933.88), filled with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF; 124 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgSO₄, 25 mM NaHCO₃, 0.5 mM NaH₂PO₄, and 30mM D-glucose), and combined with an optic fiber (200 μm, Doric Lenses or ThorLabs), which was placed 500–1000 μm above the tip of the electrode. Transfected mice were placed in the stereotaxic frame as described above. A window was drilled through the skull of sufficient size to allow a free range of movement to the combined electrode/fiber. The recording electrode was connected to a headstage (Siskiyou) and the signal amplified (Grass Model P511, Grass Instruments) and sampled at 20 kHz (PowerLab 16SP, ADInstruments). Breathing-modulated units were found 4.6 to 4.9 mm below the cerebellar surface and 1.1 to 1.3 mm lateral to the midline. Post-mortem, the placement of the combined electrode/fiber was confirmed before immunostaining to preserve the dye using a fluorescence microscope (Axioplan2 Imaging, Carl Zeiss).

de Sousa Abreu R.P., Bondarenko E, & Feldman J.L. (2021). Phase- and State-Dependent Modulation of Breathing Pattern by preBötzinger Complex Somatostatin Expressing Neurons. The Journal of physiology, 600(1), 143-165.

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Electromyographic Recording of Muscle Activity

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Figure 2C shows the position of the electrodes for the EMG recording. EMG signals were recorded from the right TA and SOL muscles. After cleaning the skin with alcohol, bipolar Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (Vitrode F-150S; Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) were placed over each muscle belly with at least 1 cm separation. A common reference electrode was placed around the knee. The EMG signals were amplified (×1,000) and filtered with a band-pass filter between 15 Hz and 1 kHz using a bio-amplifier system (MEG-6108; Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). The analog signals were digitized at a sampling rate of 4 kHz using an analog-to-digital converter (Powerlab/16SP, AD Instruments, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia).

Kaneko N., Sasaki A., Yokoyama H., Masugi Y, & Nakazawa K. (2022). Changes in corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability through functional electrical stimulation with and without observation and imagination of walking. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 994138.

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Ankle Joint Torque Measurement

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A custom‐designed ankle dynamometer was used to measure ankle joint torque produced by the plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscles. The participant rested in a prone position with the left knee fully extended. The left foot was fixed at an ankle joint angle of 90° (neutral position) and attached firmly to a footplate installed in the dynamometer using inelastic straps. The footplate was positioned so that its rotational axis coincided with the anatomical axis of the ankle. The torque signal was obtained with a load cell (LUX‐B‐2KN‐ID, Kyowa Electronic Instruments) attached to the beam of the footplate and digitized at a sampling rate of 10 kHz by using a data acquisition system (PowerLab/16SP, ADInstruments).

Ota K, & Sasaki K. (2023). Influence of temperature on twitch potentiation following submaximal voluntary contractions in human plantar flexor muscles. Physiological Reports, 11(16), e15802.

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Measurement of Maximal Voluntary Contraction Torque

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For the measurement of MVC torque, the subject performed two 5-s MVCs at a 90° elbow joint angle with a 15-s rest between the contractions. The peak torque of the two contractions was used as the MVC torque. The torque signal was amplified using a strain amplifier (DPM-611B; Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan). The analog torque signal was converted to digital signals with a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (Power-Lab 16SP; ADInstruments, Bella Vista, Australia). The sampling frequency was set at 2 kHz. The measurement was based on a previous study [26 (link)].

Ochi E., Tsuchiya Y, & Yanagimoto K. (2017). Effect of eicosapentaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation on motor nerve function after eccentric contractions. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 23.

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Sciatic Nerve Stimulation for CMAP Measurement

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Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg, i.p, Sigma) and placed prone over a heating pad that maintains body temperature. Needle electrodes were placed deep into the sciatic nerve notch and the sciatic nerve was stimulated using single pulses of 0.02 ms duration (Grass S88) Recording microneedles were inserted superficially in the tibial anterior muscle. The recording needles were placed using a magnifier lens and guided by anatomical landmarks, to ensure reproducibility of needle location on all animals. Reference and ground electrodes were inserted at the third toe and the base of the paw, respectively. CMAPs were recorded from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle. Signals were bandpass filtered (3 Hz to 3 kHz), amplified 100× for gastrocnemius and tibialis (P511AC amplifiers, Grass), and digitized with a Power Lab recording system (PowerLab16SP, ADInstruments) at 20 kHz. The amplitude of the M wave was studied from the difference between the baseline to the maximal negative peak.

Puigdomenech-Poch M., Martínez-Muriana A., Andrés-Benito P., Ferrer I., Chun J, & López-Vales R. (2021). Dual Role of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 2 (LPA2) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 15, 600872.

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Biomechanical Analysis of Lower Limb Muscle Activity

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A dual-belt treadmill with two force plates (HPT-2200D; Tec Gihan Co., Ltd.) was used for GRF measurements. Surface EMGs were recorded and amplified (SX230–1000, Biometrics Ltd., Ghent, United Kingdom) from seven right lower limb muscles: gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (MG), soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA). EMG electrode placement was based on the guidelines for non-invasive surface EMG assessment of muscles (20 (link)) (Figure 2). GRFs and EMGs were recorded at a sampling frequency of 1 kHz using a data acquisition and analysis system (LabChart; ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia) with a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (PowerLab/16SP; ADInstruments).

Makino A., Yamaguchi K., Sumi D., Ichikawa M., Ohno M., Nagano A, & Goto K. (2023). Ground reaction force and electromyograms of lower limb muscles during fast walking. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 1055302.

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Measuring Elbow MVC Torque Reliability

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Each participant performed two 5-s MVCs at an elbow joint angle of 90° with a 60-s rest between the contractions. The peak torque at each angle was considered to be the MVC torque. The torque signal was amplified using a strain amplifier (LUR-A-100NSA1; Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Tokyo, Japan). The analog torque signal was converted to a digital signal by a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (Power-Lab 16SP; AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia). The sampling frequency was set to 10 kHz and the measurement was performed as previously described [21 (link)]. The test–retest reliability of the MVC measurements based on the coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.7%.

Tsuchiya Y., Yanagimoto K., Sunagawa N., Ueda H., Tsuji K, & Ochi E. (2022). Omega-3 fatty acids enhance the beneficial effect of BCAA supplementation on muscle function following eccentric contractions. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 565-579.

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Noninvasive Cardiovascular Monitoring Protocol

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Participants lay semi-recumbent in a chair with their back at 45^o and their legs supported horizontally. Electrocardiographic activity was recorded with Ag-AgCl surface electrodes (BioAmp, PowerLab, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia) on the chest and sampled at 2 kHz (bandpass 0.3 Hz–1 kHz). Continuous blood pressure was recorded non-invasively by finger pulse plethysmography, sampled at 400 Hz (DC-200 Hz), and calibrated with an integrated sphygmomanometer cuff on the opposite upper arm (NOVA; Finapres Medical System BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Respiration was sampled at 100 Hz (DC-100 Hz) using a respiratory belt transducer (ADInstruments). All physiological signals were stored on computer via a data acquisition and analysis system (PowerLab 16SP™ hardware device and LabChart™ for Macintosh, v7.1.2.5 software; ADInstruments).

Spiesshoefer J., Giannoni A., Borrelli C., Sciarrone P., Husstedt I., Emdin M., Passino C., Kahles F., Dawood T., Regmi B., Naughton M., Dreher M., Boentert M, & Macefield V.G. (2022). Effects of hyperventilation length on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans simulating periodic breathing. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 934372.

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Evaluating Cardiovascular Responses under Hypoxia

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Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was recorded from animals anesthetized (Ketamine 100 mg/Kg and diazepam 2 mg/Kg i.p.), tracheostomized and ventilated with room air (CL Palmer) (60 cycles min–1 and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 2 cm H₂O) or with hypoxic mixture (10% O₂, and 90% N₂). MABP was continuously monitored with a catheter inserted in the right common carotid artery. The catheter was connected to a pressure transducer (Statham) and signals stored (Power Lab 16SP; AD Instruments Castle Hill, Australia) for later analysis. In these animals, blood gases were obtained in normoxic (air) or hypoxic (10% O₂) breathing conditions from a small (0.3 ml) blood sample (ABL, Radiometer Medical A/S, Denmark). Glucose and lactate content were measured from the same blood samples withdrawn when animals were breathing the different gas mixtures described above and analyzed with glucose (Ascensia Breeze 2, Bayer) and lactate meters (Lactate Pro, Arkray).

Gonzalez-Obeso E., Docio I., Olea E., Cogolludo A., Obeso A., Rocher A, & Gomez-Niño A. (2017). Guinea Pig Oxygen-Sensing and Carotid Body Functional Properties. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 285.

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