Lipopolysaccharide lps 3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazoliumbromide mtt

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Fetal bovine serum (FBS), streptomycin and penicillin were obtained from Welgene (Daegu, Republic of Korea). Primers shown in Table 1 were acquired from Bioneer (Daejeon, Republic of Korea). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Catalogue# 42867, Molecular weight is 40,000 Da, St. Louis, MA, USA). Antibodies for Western blot, iNOS (#2982), COX-2 (#4842), p-TAK1 (#4531), p-NFκB p65 (#3033), IRAK-1 (#4359), p-IKKα/β (#2697), p-IκBα (#2859), β-actin (#4967), T-ERK (#9102), p-ERK (#9101), T-JNK (#9252), p-JNK (#9251), T-p38 (#9212), p-p38 (#9211), NLRP3 (#15101), HRP-linked antibody (#7074) were all obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies conjugated with fluorescence for flow cytometry analysis, PE-Cy5 anti-CD3 (145-2C11; 553065), PE anti-CD4 (RM4-5; 553049), FITC anti-CD8 (53-6.7; 553031), FITC anti-CD25 (3C7; 558689), FITC anti-CD19 (ID3; 553785) and PerCP-Cy5.5 anti-CD69 (H1.2F3; 561931), and CD3e monoclonal antibody (145-2C11; 553058) were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA).

Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Gibco/BRL Life Technologies Inc. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and 2′,7′-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH₂-DA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against iNOS, COX-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, t-PA, VEGF, PDGF, VCAM-1, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz (Heidelberg, Germany). Antibodies against I-κBα, NF-κB, phos-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, phos-JNK, JNK, phos-p38 MAPK, and p38 MAPK, were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-p47^phox antibody was purchased from Merk-Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals were reagent or HPLC grade and supplied by either Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).