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4 protocols using ubiquinone 10

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Antioxidant Compounds

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CL from bovine heart and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) were derived from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, US) in the form of lyophilized powder. Yeast ubiquinone-6 was also from Avanti. Ubiquinone-10 and α-tocopherol were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, US). Sodium borohydride and chloroform (99.8%) were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Chemicals for buffer solutions were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich or Roth. Mini-Extruder and the porous membranes were supplied by Avanti. Azo initiator 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), or MeO-AMVN, was delivered by Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). HPMC was a gift of Dr. Vitaly Roginsky. Diverse triphenylphosphonium-containing quinone-based antioxidants (see Figure 2) were synthesized in their oxidized (quinone) forms as previously described [63 (link)].
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2

Membrane Protein Reconstitution Protocol

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Escherichia coli polar phospholipid extract in chloroform (Avanti), menaquinone-7 (FUJIFILM Wako), Ni-NTA Agarose Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 8%-16% Mini-PROTEAN TGX precast gels (Bio-Rad), and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (Santa Cruz Biotech) were purchased for use in this study. Chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, thioridazine, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (99%), ubiquinone-10 and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6trisulfonic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The styrene maleic anhydride polymer XIRAN SL30010 P20 was kindly provided by Polyscope.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid Standards

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Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), bis-tris-propane (BTP), lithium acetate dehydrate, and ubiquinone-10 (UN10) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tocol was purchased from Matreya, Inc. (Pleasant Gap, Pa.). Ethanol (EtOH) (100%) was obtained from Pharmco (Brookfield, CT). Acetonitrile (MeCN), dichloromethane (DCM), glacial acetic acid (AA), hexane, and methanol (MeOH) were HPLC grade and purchased from Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA). Hexane and MeOH were kept refrigerated before and during extractions. Ultrapure deionized water (H2O) was used throughout. Retinyl laurate, δ-tocopheryl laurate, n-butyl-β-apo-8′-carotenoate, and butylated UL10 (Bu-UL10) and UN10 (Bu-UN10) were synthesized as previously described [45 (link)–47 (link)].
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4

Purification of Quinone Standards for Analysis

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Standards of menaquinone-8, demethylmenaquinone-8, and ubiquinone-8 were prepared from E. coli K-12 extracts and HPLC purified (Kim et al. 2008; (link)Latimer et al. 2021) . Plastoquinone-9 and plastochromanol-8 were HPLC purified from Arabidopsis leaf extracts (Block et al. 2013) . Demethylphylloquinone was extracted from the leaves of Arabidopsis DPhQ-MT knockout plants (GABI_565F06; Lohmann et al. 2006 (link)) and HPLC purified using the same method than that described for phylloquinone analysis in Widhalm et al. (2012) . Ubiquinone-9 and ubiquinone-10 were from Sigma-Aldrich. Phylloquinone was from MP Biomedicals. Quinol standards were prepared by reduction of their corresponding quinone forms with 20 mM NaBH 4 . Unless mentioned otherwise, other reagents were from Fisher Scientific.
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