The fermentation broths and the permeate obtained by the NF process were characterized in terms of composition, turbidity, and viscosity. The concentrations of glycerol, 1,3-PD, and by-products were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC using a UlitiMate 3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germering, Germany). Determination of anions and cations in the solutions was performed using an 850 Professional IC ion chromatograph (Herisau Metrohm AG, Herisau, Switzerland). The turbidity of the feed and permeate was analyzed using a HACH (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA) turbidimeter (2100ANIS). Viscosity was measured with the use of a viscometer (BROOKFIELD DV-II + Pro) with a UL Adapter (BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, Middleboro, MA, USA). Details of the above-mentioned analytical methods were presented in previous studies [13 (link),87 (link)].
Ul adapter
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The UL Adapter is a laboratory equipment component designed to provide a safe and reliable connection between electrical devices and power sources. It is engineered to meet Underwriters Laboratories (UL) safety standards, ensuring compatibility and compliance with relevant regulations.
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4 protocols using ul adapter
1
Comprehensive Characterization of Fermentation Broth and Nanofiltration Permeate
2
Viscosity Measurement of DNA Complexes
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Experiments were conducted using DV-II-Programmable Digital Viscometer equipped with Enhanced Brookfield UL Adapter at room temperature (∼20°C) by gradually increasing the [compound/DNA] ratios from 0.02 to 0.20 as reported previously (36 ).
3
Measuring DNA-Compound Viscosity Complex
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Experiments were conducted using DV-II-Programmable Digital Viscometer equipped with Enhanced Brookfield UL Adapter [23] . Briefly, a concentrated solution of salmon testes dsDNA was prepared by dissolving the fibres in 80 mM of HEPES buffer (pH =7.2). In order to shear dsDNA, a 15 ml solution was passed rapidly through a 19-gauge needle 15 times prior to 90 min sonication. A 15 ml stDNA solution was then prepared at ~1.0 mM in 80 mM HEPES buffer and the complex was added in ratios from 0.10 to 0.20 (where r =[compound/DNA]) and viscosity was recorded as previously reported [23] . Viscosity values, η, (unit: cP) were presented as η/ηoversus [compound]/[DNA] ratio, in which ηo refers to the viscosity of DNA alone and η refers to that of the DNA-complex solution.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Radiolabeled Polyacrylamide
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Viscosity Viscosity was determined by a Brookfield viscometer with UL-adapter at a concentration of 0.5% 14C-PAM and resulted in 760 cp at 1.0 rpm, and 670 cp at 2.5 rpm. Compared to the commercial product, which has an average molecular weight between 5 and 8 million Daltons, 14C-PAM was at the lower end of the specification, i.e., a molecular mass of 6 million Daltons.
Monomer content The monomer content was 2820 ppm measured by radio-HPLC which is in the range of commercial PAM, where all educts are below 1000 ppm.
14C-Radioactivity In total 3.6 g 14C-PAM with a total radioactivity of 339.3 MBq was produced. The specific radioactivity was 94.25 kBq/mg.
Chemical structure of14C-PAM The procedures described above yielded the chemical substance as presented in Fig.1 . It is important to note that the label is located on the polymer backbone of the 30 mol-% acrylamide repeating units. Hydrolysis or decarboxylation of any side chain, as well as mineralization of the carboxylic backbone were detectable in this study only by reduction of the molecular weight.![]()
Monomer content The monomer content was 2820 ppm measured by radio-HPLC which is in the range of commercial PAM, where all educts are below 1000 ppm.
14C-Radioactivity In total 3.6 g 14C-PAM with a total radioactivity of 339.3 MBq was produced. The specific radioactivity was 94.25 kBq/mg.
Chemical structure of14C-PAM The procedures described above yielded the chemical substance as presented in Fig.
Chemical structure of 14C-PAM used in the study
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