Thrombin

Sodium alginate was purchased from WaKo (199–09961, 500–600 cP, WaKo Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Alginate was dissolved into deionized water at the concentration of 3% (w/v) and placed in ultrasonic water bath at 37 °C for 12 h to get the Sodium alginate sol solutions. Gelatin (5% w/v, Sigma-Aldrich) was added into alginate (Alginate/Gelatin, A/G) to improve the microenvironment of sol solutions for better cell survival^{16 (link)}. The concentrations of Sodium alginate and Gelatin are optimally selected (Supplemental Fig. 2). Calcium chloride (CaCl₂, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) was dissolved into deionized water at a final concentration of 3% (w/v) (Supplemental Fig. 3). For de-crosslinking of alginate, 55 mM sodium citrate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 20 mM EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich) in 0.9% NaCl solution was prepared. Fibrinogen and thrombin were bought from Biosharp (Biosharp, Hefei, China). Blue (FD&C BLUE NO. 1) and red (FD&C red NO. 1) dye (Vidhi Dyestuff Manufacturing Limited, Tardeo, Mumbai, India) were added to the CaCl₂ solution to distinguish the core and shell sections of the hollow filaments and identify their liquidity, structural integrity and permeability after perfusion.

c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP and cGAMP used for bacterial growth inhibition assays were purchased from BIOLOG Life Science Institute (Germany). Fe-CMBs and Fe-Ent were purchased from Biophore Research Products (Germany), thrombin was sourced from Biosharp (China) and glutathione-sepharose 4B column was purchased from GE Healthcare. Both radioactive-labelled [α-³²P]GTP and [α-³²P]ATP were purchased from Perkin Elmer (USA). Middlebrook 7H9 medium and Oleic acid-Albumin-Dextrose-Catalase (OADC) enrichment were sourced from Becton-Dickinson Company (USA) and were used for growing M. tuberculosis. GTP, dNTP and DNA polymerase for PCR assays were obtained from TaKaRa Co. (Japan). Both pET28a and pGEX-4 T-1vectors, which were used for expressing rLCN2 proteins. All restriction enzymes for cloning were obtained from TaKaRa Co.