Luteolin

Paeoniflorin, oxyPaeoniflorin, benzoyl Paeoniflorin, paeonol, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloyl glucose, luteolin, and apigenin were purchased from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Gallic acid, tryptophan, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Morroniside, loganin, and geniposide were purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals, Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Quercetin-3-O-glucoside and rhoifolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Moreover, 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), β-carotene, and vitamin C (VC) were purchased from Shanghai Ekear Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and LC/MS grade methanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Water was obtained from an ultrapure water system (Purelab Plus, Pall, Port Washington, NY, USA).

Leucine, gallic acid, adenosine, tryptophan, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Morroniside, loganin, and geniposide were purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Paeoniflorin, oxyPaeoniflorin, benzoylPaeoniflorin, paeonol, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloyl glucose, luteolin, and apigenin were purchased from Chengdu Pufei De Biotech Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Quercetin-3-O-glucoside and rhoifolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine were purchased from Shanghai Yuan Ye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), β-carotene, and vitamin C (VC) were purchased from Shanghai Ekear Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and LC/MS grade methanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Water was obtained from an ultrapure water system (Purelab Plus, Pall, Port Washington, NY, USA).