Excel 2010

Cellulose and lignin contents of cell walls of the WT and the brittle stem mutant were measured according to Jin et al. [28 (link)]. The rice sample was ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen, and then 35 μL of 0.01% sodium azide (NaN₃), 35 μL Amylase solution, 17 μL branched chain amylase solution was used to remove starch. Then fully dried to obtain isolated cell wall samples. The cellulose in the cell wall sample was digested and decomposed into glucose, and its absorbance value at 625 nm was measured. Draw the standard curve according to the absorbance value reading of glucose concentration standard solution, and calculate the content of glucose (i.e., crystalline cellulose) by comparing the absorbance of the sample with the standard curve. Similarly, the lignin in the cell wall sample was digested and decomposed, and the absorbance of the decomposed solution at 280 nm was measured. Draw the standard curve according to the absorbance value reading of the standard solution, and calculate the lignin content by comparing the absorbance of the sample with the standard curve. All the data were analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0. The data were analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0.

Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to summarize data and SPSS16.0 software was used to analyze statistical significance. Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). One-way ANOVA were used to analyze the normality followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to obtain the statistical significance between groups. Alphabet indicated that data showed significant difference at P < 0.05 level.

Data obtained from the survey was entered into Microsoft Excel 2010 and analysed with SPSS version 20.0. Data summary was done with descriptive statistics. Comparison between the performances of urine filtration methods and urinalysis reagent strip to diagnose urinary schistosomiasis was assessed by determining sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Chi square, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression and Pearson correlation test were used to measure associations between urogenital schistosomiasis and haematuria. Odds ratio was used to measure strengths of association between variables. Agreement between the urine filtration method and urinalysis reagent strip was determined using Kappa statistics. Kappa value were interpreted as poor (<0.20), fair (0.21–0.40), moderate (0.41–0.60), substantial (0.61–0.80) and perfect (0.81–1.00) [35 (link)]. Statistical significance was considered at 95% confidence level (CL). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant during the analysis.