Ethanol

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs, 2.0 wt%) were procured from Moorim Paper MFG Co., Ltd., South Korea. CNF suspension of 1 mmol/g with an average width of less than 100 nm and length of up to several micrometers. Fig. S1 (Supporting Information) represents the CNFs' TEM image and the length distribution. The width and length were measured from the TEM image. Vanillin (98 %), epichlorohydrin (ECH, 99 %), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, ≥99 %), 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM, ≥97 %) were received from Sigma Aldrich. Anhydrous sodium sulfate (99 %) was procured from Yakuri Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd., Japan. Dichloromethane (DCM, >99.9 %) was obtained from Samchun, South Korea. Acetone (99.5 %), sodium hydroxide (97 %), and ethanol (99.5 %) were obtained from Daejung Chemical and Metals Co., Ltd., South Korea.

Barium chloride dihydrate, ethanol, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ammonium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, phenol, and sulfuric acid were purchased from Daejung (Seoul, Korea). From Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, 2,2-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, glucose, Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, peroxidase, α-(4-pyridyl N-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and gum arabic were purchased. RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum, penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Sodium carbonate anhydrous (Yakuri, Japan), bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), bovine serum albumin (Bovogen, East Keilor VIC, Australia) and hydrogen peroxide (Junsei, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Commercial food-grade enzymes (alcalase (Al), α-chymotrypsin (α-chy), flavourzyme (Fla), kojizyme (Koj), neutrase (Neu), papain (Pap), pepsin (Pep), protamex (Pro), and trypsin (Try)) were purchased from Novozyme (Bagsvaerd, Copenhagen, Denmark).

Kahweol was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Kahweol powder was dissolved with dimethyl sulfoxide to create a stock solution (100 mM). The HEK293T and HaCaT cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), reduced serum medium (Opti-MEM), and TRIzol reagent were acquired from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). MTT, retinol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ABTS, polyethyleneimine, DPPH, and Borax were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fludarabine was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Carbazole, H₂SO₄, and ethanol were obtained from DAEJUNG (Seoul, Korea). Antibodies specific for β-actin, rabbit immunoglobulin G, mouse immunoglobulin G, and the phosphorylated and total forms of STAT1 were acquired from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).

Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O; 98%), 2‐aminoterephthalic acid (BDC‐NH₂; 99%), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF; anhydrous, 99.8%), d‐penicillamine (d‐pen; 98%–101%), 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐CL; 98%), copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄; >99%), formic acid (>98%) and 2′‐7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (>96%), ethanol (>96%), ammonium acetate (98%), sodium borate (Na₂B₄O₇), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 30%–35%) were obtained from Daejung Chemicals (Siheung, Korea). 3,3′,5,5′‐Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB; >98%) and acetonitrile (ACN, 99.9%) were purchased from TCI (Chuo‐ku, Japan) and J.T. Bakers (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), respectively. Irinotecan (CPT‐11; >99%) was obtained from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). Phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) were obtained from the Seoul National University Biomedical Research Institute (Seoul, Korea) and Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea), respectively. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin–streptomycin (10,000 U/ml) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

Candida antarctica lipase B (Native CalB) and CalB@NF were obtained from Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (33 kDa, Daejeon, Republic of Korea) used in encapsulation. Oleic acid, Iepal CO-520, p-nitrophenyl butyrate (98%, PNPB), bovine serum albumin, tris base, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, St. Louis, MO, USA), Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 (Gilingham, Dorset, UK), phosphoric acid (Buchs, Switzerland), Tetraethyl orthosilicate (99%, TEOS, Beijing, China), benzoic anhydride (St. Quentin Fallavier, France), and benzyl alcohol (Taufkirchen, Germany) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cyclohexane, ammonia solution (28–30%), ethanol (99%), methanol, sodium acetate, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and n-hexane were purchased from Daejung (Siheung, Republic of Korea). Ethyl ether was provided by J.T.Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA).

De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe Broth (MRS broth), Tryptic Soy Broth (MB Cell, KisanBio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea), Peptone and Agar (BD Difco, Sparks, MD, USA), ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetonitrile, and nutritional media were acquired from Daejung Chemicals and Metals Co., Ltd., Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Sodium chloride (NaCl), monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, Sodium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate, potassium persulfate, sodium citrate, 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methyl cellosolve, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, triton-X100, Nile red, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, β-carotene, quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acids, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and curcumin, lipase from porcine pancreas, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), trolox (≥98% purity by HPLC), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (≥99%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich, Seoul, South Korea. PicoSens™ Triglyceride Assay Kit was acquired from BIOMAX, Korea. All of the reagents were of analytical quality.