3 deoxyglucosone 3 dg

All chemicals used were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. Carboxypeptidase A (from bovine pancereas), Fmoc chloride (for HPLC derivatization, ≥99.0%), D-fructose (purity 99%) and D-glucose (purity 99%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Dipeptides (Lys-Ala, Lys-Gly, Lys-Ser, Lys-Ile, Lys-Leu, Lys-Thr, Lys-Val, purity > 98%), and the corresponding tripeptides (Lys-Ala-Gly, Lys-Gly-Gly, Lys-Ser-Gly, Lys-Ile-Gly, Lys-Leu-Gly, Lys-Thr-Gly, Lys-Val-Gly, purity > 98%) were supplied by Bootech BioScience &Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and formic acid were HPLC grade from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A Cleanert PEP-2 (200 mg/6 mL, Bonna-Agela Technologies Inc., Tianjin, China) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was used for purification of the Maillard reaction products. 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG, purity > 99.99%) was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Pyrraline standard sample (purity > 99.99%) was purchased from PolyPeptide Laboratories (San Diego, CA, USA).

The compounds used in this study were galactose (Wako, Osaka, Japan), 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG; Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., North York, Canada), citrate (Wako), fumarate, malate (Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan), acetyl CoA, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvic acid monopotassium salt, benfotiamine, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP), 3-phosphoglycelic acid (3PG), mannitol (Sigma-Aldrich Co. LCC, St Louis, MO, USA), and rucaparib (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA). The AR inhibitor, ranirestat, was provided by Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) as a collaborative research agreement.

All chemicals used were of analytical grade unless otherwise stated. Aminopeptidase M was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). Pepsin, pronase E and prolidase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and formic acid were HPLC grade from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). The solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, Cleanert PEP-2 SPE cartridge (200 mg/6 mL, Bonna-Agela Technologies Inc., Tianjin, China), was used for purification of Maillard reaction products. 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG, purity > 99.99%) was obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Pyrraline standard sample (purity > 99.99%) was purchased from PolyPeptide Laboratories (San Diego, CA, USA).