Tdf 100a

Cellulose membrane for dialyzing (avg. flat width 25 mm, molecular weight cut-off = 14,000) and digestive enzymes such as α-amylase (TDF-100 A, 24,975 U/mL), mucin from the porcine stomach—type II, pepsin from the porcine gastric mucosa (250 U/mg solid), pancreatin from the porcine pancreas (8 × USP specifications), porcine bile extract, and reagents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate—ACS reagent, sodium bicarbonate ≥ 99.5%, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH• radical), 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid, diammonium salt (ABTS+• radical), acetonitrile (HPLC) and sodium hydroxide pellets ≥ 98.0% (NaOH) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Reagents such as disodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous pure p.a. ≥ 99.0% (Na₂HPO₄), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄), sodium chloride pure p.a. ≥ 99.9% (NaCl), and di-sodium wersenate standard solution 0.01 mol/L were supplied from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). In addition, Honeywell Fluka (Seelze, Germany) provided pure hydrochloric acid p.a. ACS reagent 37% (HCl) and potassium peroxodisulfate ≥ 99.0%, and Avantor (Gliwice, Poland) provided formic acid 98–100% CZDA, ethanol 96% CZDA and methanol (HPLC grade).

The moisture, protein, lipids, crude fiber, and ash content of the powdered mucilage were determined according to the standard methods described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC) [43 ]. Briefly, the moisture content was determined by employing the gravimetric approach (method 925.10), and protein concentration was determined by the Kjeldahl method using a correction factor of 6.25 (method 920.176). The lipid concentration was measured using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (method 920.177). Crude fiber content was determined using acid hydrolysis followed by vacuum filtration (method 985.29), and ash content was determined by calcination at 550 °C in a muffle oven (method 900.02). The carbohydrate content (CC) was calculated as shown in Equation (1). The total dietary fiber content was determined using a total dietary fiber test kit (TDF-100A) provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), which is based on the enzymatic–gravimetric method AOAC 985.29 [44 ].
$$\mathrm{CC}=100-\left(\mathrm{ash}+\mathrm{fat}+\mathrm{protein}+\mathrm{crude}\mathrm{fiber}\right)$$

Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) was the supplier of the dialysis tubing cellulose membrane (avg. flat width 25 mm) and most of the enzymes and reagents, as follows: mucin from the porcine stomach—type II, α-amylase, heat-stable, (TDF-100A, 24,975 U/mL), pepsin from the porcine gastric mucosa (250 U/mg solid), pancreatin from the porcine pancreas (8 × USP specifications), porcine bile extract, sodium dodecyl sulfate—ACS reagent, sodium bicarbonate ≥ 99.5%, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid, diammonium salt (ABTS+• radical), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH• radical), (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), dl-dithiothreitol (HPLC) (DTT), phosphoric acid 85%, acetonitrile (HPLC), formic acid ≥ 95.0%, and sodium hydroxide pellets ≥98.0%, (NaOH).
Other reagents were obtained from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland), such as: di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous pure p.a. ≥ 99.0% (Na₂HPO₄), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄), sodium chloride pure p.a. ≥ 99.9% (NaCl) and di-sodium edetate standard solution 0.01 mol/L (EDTA). Hydrochloric acid pure p.a. ACS reagent 37% (HCl) and potassium peroxodisulfate ≥ 99.0% were purchased from Honeywell Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Ethanol—96% CZDA and methanol (HPLC grade) came from Avantor (Gliwice, Poland).

Total dietary fiber (TDF) content in Opuntia ficus-indica and aloe vera powdered mucilage samples was determined using a total dietary fiber test kit (TDF-100A), provided by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), which is based on the enzymatic–gravimetric method AOAC 985.29 [43 ]. The dry, fat-free mucilage powder was gelatinized with the thermostable α-amylase and then enzymatically digested with protease and amyloglucosidase to remove protein and starch. The soluble fiber was precipitated with ethanol; then the residues were washed with ethanol and acetone, filtered, dried, and weighed. The dry material was determined for protein and ash content. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was calculated as the residue minus the weight of protein and ash and was expressed as g/100 g of powder.

The total dietary fiber content in the G-SD-MPP, G-SD-MD, and G-BRE gummy model samples was determined using a Total Dietary Fiber Test Kit (TDF-100A) provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), which is based on the AOAC 985.29 enzymatic-gravimetric method [26 ].

The total dietary fiber content (TDFC) in Y-SD-OFI, Y-SD-AV, and Y-C yogurt model samples was determined using a total dietary fiber test kit (TDF-100A), provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), which is based on the enzymatic–gravimetric method AOAC 985.29 [21 ].