Leo 912 ab omega microscope

The microstructure of composites was investigated on a Tescan VEGA3 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Great Britain, UK). Gold was previously sprayed onto the dry sample’s surface by using a Q150R Plus rotary pumping spraying unit (Quorum Technologies Ltd., Great Britain, UK). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and electron diffraction patterns were obtained by using the LEO 912 AB OMEGA microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberckochen, Germany). For this purpose, ultra-thin sections of PVP-HA composites prepared by ultramicrotomy with a diamond knife were placed on a copper mesh covered with a collodion substrate. The determination of interplane distances from electronograms was performed by using a standard gold sample. Coherent scattering region (CSR) calculations were performed according to the procedure described in Reference [60 (link)].

TEM was performed using a LEO 912 AB Omega microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) to determine the particle size distribution. XPS spectra were recorded on an ESCA+X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (OMICRON Nanotechnology, Taunusstein, Germany). UV–VIS spectra were recorded using a Leki SS2110 UV scanning spectrophotometer (MEDIORA OY, Helsinki, Finland).