Sd rats

Forty male SD rats were purchased from KOATECH (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). All animals were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): control, indomethacin-induced acute stomach injury, positive control (AE), and experimental (ECC). All animals were maintained at 22 ± 2 °C with 55 ± 5% humidity and a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Rats were fasted for 48 h, and then AE and ECC (10 mL/kg) were orally injected into animals in each group. The dose concentration was determined by referring to previous studies [1 (link)]. After 30 min, indomethacin (80 mg/kg) was orally administered to induce acute stomach injury. Five hours later, all animals were sacrificed under inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane, and their stomachs and serum were extracted for experiments. All diets and water were freely provided. This study was approved by the KNOTUS Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (AEC-20120608-0001; Korea).

Either PAT101 (1.0 mg/kg) or rasburicase (0.325 mg/kg) was administrated into the caudal vein of 6-week-old male SD rats (KOATECH, Korea) (n = 5 per group) once a week for a total of 4 times and blood was collected at a scheduled time point.

ACS/HPLC reagent-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and water were procured from Honeywell (Morristown, NJ, USA). HPLC-grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and formic acid (FA) were procured from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) and Dae-Jung Chemicals and Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). Buspirone (BUS), dextromethorphan (DEX), diclofenac (DIC), and alpelisib (IS) were procured from MedKoo Bioscience, Inc. (Morrisville, NC, USA). Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate reduced tetrasodium salt hydrate (NADPH), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), and potassium phosphate buffer were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sprague Dawley (SD) rat liver S9 fraction was procured from Sekisui Xenotech (Kansas City, KS, USA). SD rats (Male; nine-week-old; weighing range: 250–270 g) were supplied by Koatech Co. (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). The SD rats were used for pharmacokinetic studies after an acclimation period of 7 days. Feeding, excluding water, was restricted for 12 h before starting the pharmacokinetics study. All animal studies were conducted with approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Pusan National University (approval number: PNU-2023-3245).