Fetal bovine serum (fbs)

Human normal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and human melanoma cell lines (A2058 and A375) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). HaCaT and A375 cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and A2058 cell line was cultured in DMEM/F-12 (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and both were added 10% fetal bovine serum (Yeasen, Shanghai, China) at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO2.

Human NSCLC cell lines, H1299 and H460, were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Both cell lines were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640; Gibco, USA) medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Yeasen, Shanghai, China) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. All cells were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO₂ incubator with a humidified atmosphere.

The human cell lines SW620 (ATCC, CCL-227), LOVO (ATCC, CCL-229), NCM460 (Shanghai Cell Bank, TCH-C450), and 293 T (ATCC, CRL-3216) were cultured in DMEM (Gibco, Waltham, MA) supplemented with 10% certified heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Yeasen, Shanghai, China), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The recombinant adenovirus H101 was generously provided by Shanghai Sunway Biotech (Shanghai, China) and was stored at −80 °C as recommended.

Human HEK293T and HeLa cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Yeasen) at 37 °C under 5% CO₂. The cells were passaged at approximately 90% confluence by using 0.25% trypsin-EDTA. The chemicals used in this study to treat cells are listed in Supplementary Table 1.

We chose two ESCC cell lines, namely Eca-109 and KYSE140 (Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China), as the subjects for our study. Eca-109 and KYSE140 were cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium (KeyGen BioTECH, Nanjing,China), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (YEASEN, Shanghai, China) and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, NY, USA) and were maintained at 37 ℃ in a 5% CO₂ incubator. The cisplatin-resistant cell lines Eca-109/CDDP and KYSE140/CDDP were established from Eca-109 and KYSE140 cells, respectively, through a 3-month incubation with a cisplatin concentration gradient. Subsequently, they were cultured in a medium containing 0.5 mg/ml cisplatin (15663-27-1, MedChemExpress, Shanghai, China). The culture medium was replenished every 2 days. HEK293FT cells were cultured in DMEM medium (KeyGen BioTECH, Nanjing, China) containing fetal bovine serum, penicillin, and streptomycin.

Human BMSCs were kindly provided by the Stem Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences, harvested from healthy people and cultured in Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium (DMEM; BasalMedia, China). Mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCCs) were extracted from the condyles of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of New Zealand rabbits and cultured in DMEM. All media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Yeasen, China) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (BasalMedia, China), and all cells were cultured in a humidified incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, United States) with 5% CO₂ at 37°C.

The PZT was obtained from SCH Technology Co. Ltd. The control circuit with 660 nm µLEDs was obtained from Inper LLC. The PDMS Sylgard184 was purchased by Dow Corning. Lung cancer cell line LLC, A549, and H1299 were obtained from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Yeasen, China) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (40 130, Yeasen, China). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was obtained from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Female BALB/c mice aged six to eight‐week were purchased from Beijing HFK Bioscience Co., Ltd. (www.hfkbio.com). Anti‐xCT (ab307601), GPX4 (ab125066), and 4‐HNE (ab46545) primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Shanghai, China). Anti‐FTH1 (A19544), TfR1 (A5865), ACSL4 (A6826), 4‐HNE (A24456), and β‐actin (AC026) primary antibodies were purchased from Abclonal (Wuhan, China). D‐Luciferin, sodium salt (40 902) was purchased from Yeasen (Shanghai, China).