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5 protocols using soluble cd14 scd14

1

Serological Markers of Celiac Disease

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Established serological markers of coeliac disease, including IgA antibody to TG2 and IgG and IgA antibodies to deamidated gliadin, were measured as previously described.24 (link)
25 (link)
Serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to native gliadin were measured separately by ELISA as previously described,24 (link)
26 (link) with the following modification: the secondary antibodies were horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-human IgG (GE Healthcare), IgA (MP Biomedicals) or IgM (MP Biomedicals). Serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to bacterial flagellin were measured separately using a similar protocol for detecting antibodies to gliadin, with the following modification: plates were coated with a 2 μg/mL solution of highly purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (InvivoGen).
Levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM endotoxin-core antibodies (EndoCAb) (Hycult Biotech), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) (Hycult Biotech), soluble CD14 (sCD14) (R&D Systems) and fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) (R&D Systems) were determined by ELISA, according to the manufacturers' protocols.
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2

Biomarker Testing in HIV Cohort

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At each study visit, blood was collected into EDTA tubes and tested for CD4+ cell count (Pima, Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA) and HIV-1 RNA viral load [Cobas Taqman platform in Uganda (Applied Biosciences, Beverley Hills, California, USA) and the CAP/CTM HIV-1 v2 assay (Roche Laboratories, Basel, Switzerland) in South Africa]. Additional blood was centrifuged for plasma separation, and frozen at -80oC. Due to resource constraints that prevented us from testing the entire cohort, only nonpregnant individuals underwent additional testing of cryopreserved plasma for interleukin (IL-6; MesoScale Discovery, Rockville, Maryland, USA); soluble CD14 (sCD14; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA); and D-dimer (Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, New York, USA). Biomarker assays were performed at the Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research at the University of Vermont.
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Quantifying Endotoxin-Related Immune Markers

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Levels of Endotoxin-core antibodies IgM (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands), soluble CD14 (sCD14) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States), and internal fatty acid-binding protein (iFABP) (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA, United States) in plasma samples were measured using an enzyme-immunoassay technique (ELISA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Plasma levels of free bacterial endotoxin were measured using a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Plasma levels of circulating immune factors were measured using a Magnetic 33-plex assay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States) and a MAGPIX instrument (Luminex, Austin, TX, United States). Bubble plots were generated using ggplot2 R package with concentration (pg/ml).
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Biomarker Quantification in Fasting Plasma

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Participants’ fasting, cryopreserved plasma samples were shipped to Temple University (Philadelphia, PA) for centralized quantification of levels of immune/inflammatory biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits: soluble CD14 (sCD14; R&D), soluble CD163 (sCD163; IQ Products), MCP-1 (R&D), high-sensitivity IL-6 (R&D), Lp-PLA2 (R&D), and oxLDL (Mercodia) [7 (link)]. D-dimer was measured using the HemosIL D-dimer HS 500 kit on the ACL TOP (Werfen). Fasting, cryopreserved serum samples were shipped to Quest Diagnostics for quantification of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by commercially available assays.
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5

Quantifying Endotoxin-Related Immune Markers

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Levels of Endotoxin-core antibodies IgM (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands), soluble CD14 (sCD14) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States), and internal fatty acid-binding protein (iFABP) (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA, United States) in plasma samples were measured using an enzyme-immunoassay technique (ELISA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Plasma levels of free bacterial endotoxin were measured using a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Plasma levels of circulating immune factors were measured using a Magnetic 33-plex assay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States) and a MAGPIX instrument (Luminex, Austin, TX, United States). Bubble plots were generated using ggplot2 R package with concentration (pg/ml).
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