Ononin

Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein sodium salt, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl aminomethane, β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (β-NAD), β-Mercatoethanol (β-Me) and α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The enzymes used, including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium-activated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from yeast, α-glucosidase from saccharomyces cerevisiae, and α-amylase from porcine pancreas were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard phenolic compounds including 3′-hydroxypuerarin, 6″-O-xylosidepuerarin, puerarin, mirificin, 3″-methyoxypuerarin, daidzin, rutin, ferulic acid, genistin, phlorizin, ononin, daidzein, genistein, quercitrin, and p-coumaric acid were obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade acetic acid and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.

Radix astragali was purchased from Hunan Sanxiang Chinese Medicine Pieces Co., Ltd. (Changsha, China) BSA and glutaraldehyde (25% w/v aqueous solution) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile was HPLC grade from Tedia Company Inc. (Phoenix, AZ, USA). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All of the other chemicals were analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Genistin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, ononin and formononetin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The purity of each compound was determined to be ≥98% by HPLC analysis.