Pyridoxal

The FA1090 (ATCC 700825) strain of N. gonorrhoeae was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA). GC agar base, Chocolate II agar, dried bovine hemoglobin, brucella broth and IsoVitaleX were obtained from Becton, Dickinson, and Company (Cockeysville, MD). Heart infusion agar was obtained from Hardy Diagnostics (Santa Maria, CA). Yeast extract and dextrose were obtained from Fisher Bioreagents (Fair Lawn, NJ). Auranofin, hematin, pyridoxal, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) were obtained from Chem-Impex International (Wood Dale, IL). Protease peptone and VCNT supplement were purchased from Oxoid (Lenexa, KS). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was obtained from Corning (Manassas, VA). Ceftriaxone, azithromycin and saponin were obtained from TCI America (Portland, OR) Tween 80 was obtained from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ). Estradiol pellets (5-mg, 21-day controlled-release) were purchased from Innovative Research of America (Sarasota, FL). Dacron swabs were purchased from the Medical Packaging Corporation (Camarillo, CA).

The N. gonorrhoeae reference strains were obtained from the WHO reference strain panel for global quality assurance and quality control of gonococcal AMR testing^{21 (link),41 (link)}. The rest of N. gonorrhoeae strains used were clinical isolates obtained from the CDC (Supplementary Table 1). The commensal vaginal bacterial strains were obtained from the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources) (Supplementary Table 2). All chemical compounds used in this study were obtained commercially from chemical vendors: auranofin (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL), sodium aurothiomalate, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), aurothioglucose (USP reference standard Rockville, MD), ceftriaxone and cefixime (Acros Organics, NJ), and azithromycin (TCI America, Portland, OR).
Difco lactobacilli MRS broth, Brucella base broth and chocolate II agar (GC II Agar with hemoglobin and IsoVitaleX) were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Cockeysville, MD). Yeast extract and dextrose (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), proteose-peptone, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and agarose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), hematin solution, Tween 80, and pyridoxal (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL) were purchased from chemical vendors.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates (Table S1) used in this study were obtained from the CDC. S. aureus, MRSA, E. faecalis, E. faecium, and L. monocytogenes strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). E. coli BW25113 and JW25113 were obtained from the Coli Genetic Stock Center (CGSC), Yale University, USA. Media and reagents were purchased from commercial vendors: Brucella broth, chocolate II agar, cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth, tryptic soy broth (TSB), and tryptic soy agar (TSA) (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Cockeysville, MD, USA); yeast extract and dextrose (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ, USA), proteose-peptone, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), agarose and tetracycline (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); hematin, Tween 80, pyridoxal, linezolid and gentamicin sulfate (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL, USA); Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Corning, Manassas, VA, USA); and azithromycin (TCI America, Portland, OR, USA). Human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (Caco-2) (ATCC HTB-37) was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA). Compounds were synthesized from commercial sources in our laboratory.