Lake shore 7410

The synthesized materials were characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement. A GNR APD-2000 PRO (GNR, Cairo, Egypt) diffractometer was used to measure XRD using Cu Ka radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å), operating at 45 kV. The diffraction intensities were recorded over 2θ ranging from 5° to 60° with a constant scanning rate of 1° min⁻¹. A vibrating sample magnetometer (Lake Shore 7410, Lake Shore (Cryotronics Inc., Westerville, OH, USA) was used to measure the magnetization of the nanocomposite. A Bruker, Tensor 27 FT–IR (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany) spectrophotometer was used to perform FT-IR spectra in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ at room temperature and collected these at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. An SEM Hitachi S4800 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) was used to study the morphology of the synthesized material. A Perkin Elmer STA 6000 (PerkinElmer Inc., Shelton, USA) was used to measure the thermogravimetric analysis for the evaluation of thermal stability.

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) detected the functional groups attached to the LCF surface (Shimadzu FTIR–8400 S, Kyoto, Japan). Raman spectra were recorded using (SENTERRA spectrometer, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) with a 532 nm Ar laser. The LCF surface features and characteristic morphology were inspected by scanning electron microscopy using (SEM, JEOL Model JSM6360 LA, Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature with accelerating voltage 15 kV. The SEM device is equipped with an EDX detector to identify and map the synthesized LCF’s basic element structure. Magnetic characteristics of LCF were scrutinized by a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM, LakeShore-7410, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., Westerville, OH, USA) with sensitivity up to 1 μ emu and a strong magnetic field up to ±20 ko_e to fully saturate the sample uniformly across the sample space.

Magnetic properties were evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Lakeshore 7410, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., Westerville, OH, United States with an applied magnetic field of 14 k Oe at room temperature for maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) βW and βWMAF powders. The external magnetic field vibration could be applied both in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the vibration. Each sample’s magnetic moment was measured over a range of magnetic fields applied between −1.4 × 10³ and 1.4 × 10³ Oe with a 0.1 emu sensitivity.