Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Polyvinyl alcohol (Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) was purchased as a fully hydrolyzed powder with an average molecular weight of 85,000 g/mol. For the hybrid method, CA membranes were commercially purchased from Fisher Scientific Company (Waltham, MA, USA) with a symmetrical pore size of 0.45 µm and a diameter of 47mm. The tridentate chelator, iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and 50% (w/w) GA were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company. Bovine serum albumin, sulfuric acid, copper sulfate, silver nitrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetic acid, and sodium bicarbonate were purchased from Fisher Scientific Company. All materials were used without further purification.

All required organic solvents and fatty acids were purchased from Wilkem Scientific (Pawtucket, RI, USA). Coupling reagents, Rink amide MBHA resin, and Fmoc-amino acid building blocks were purchased from Chem-Impex International Inc. (Wood Dale, IL, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (catalog # M2128) was from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; low glucose with L-glutamine), RPMI -1640 medium with L-glutamine, fetal bovine serum (FBS), SYBR Green II solution, penicillin (10000 U/mL), Lipofectamine® 2000, and streptomycin (10 mg/mL) were provided by Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Scrambled negative control siRNA (catalog # AM4635), 5′-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled negative control siRNA (catalog # AM4620), and the siRNA targeting kinesin spindle protein (KSP; catalog # AM16704) were obtained from Ambion (Austin, TX). All the primers were purchased from IDT. Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). PCR master mixes iScript^TM reverse transcription supermix and iTaq universal SYBR^® Green supermix were purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and all other requirements were provided by Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA).

Tungsten oxide (WO₃, orthorhombic crystal) nanoparticles (spherical, 23–65 nm in diameter, and 99.95% purity) were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials (USA). Pyridine and toluene were purchased from Alfa Aesar (USA). (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES, 99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Cadmium chloride anhydrous, lead chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane were purchased from Fisher Scientific (USA). Diethyl ether and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Standard Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM) was obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS, USA). A NOM stock solution (100 mg/L) was prepared by mixing a known amount of NOM with DI water for 24 h. The pH of the stock solutions was adjusted to 8 with 0.1 M and 0.01 M NaOH and HCl. All chemicals were used as received, without further purification. All solutions were prepared with deionized water (18 MΩ-cm) from a Barnstead NANOpure Diamond water purification system (USA).