Milli q apparatus

The following reagents were used in the study: TGIC from Aldrich (Aldrich Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan), cyanuric acid (Aldrich Chemistry, Shanghai, China), 1,4-dioxane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), epichlorohydrin (Sigma–Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), acetonitrile (J. T. Baker, Deventer, The Netherlands), high-purity water produced by the Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). HPLC grade reagents were used throughout the study.
Materials: filters made of poly(propylene), FIPRO with a diameter of 25 mm (Textile Institute, Lodz, Poland), filters made of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC with a diameter of 25 mm (Sensidyne, St. Petersburg, FL, USA), poly(ethylene terephthalate), Zefluor™, PTFE filters with a diameter of 25 mm (Pall Laboratory, Mexico, Mexico), and glass fiber filters, GF/A with a diameter of 25 mm (Whatman, Maidstone, UK). IOM (Institute of Occupational Medicine) sampler (SKC Inc, 863 Valley View Rd, PA, USA) for air sampling.

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO) and used as received. Herceptin 150 mg was acquired from Roche. AFF660 dye was purchased from Life Technologies. Water was deionized and ultrafiltered by a Milli-Q apparatus from Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA) before use. DLS measurements were performed with a Malvern Zetasizer. Viscosity and refractive index of pure water were used to characterize the solvent. NPs were dispersed in the solvent and sonicated in a S15H Elmasonic apparatus (Elma, Singen, Germany) before analysis. Final sample concentration used for measurements was typically of 0.2 μM.

Acetonitrile was HPLC grade and was purchased from Sigma (Merck Life Science S.r.l., Milano, Italy). Orthophosphoric acid (ACS ISO, for analysis, 85%) and ethanol (ACS-Reag. Ph.Eur. Supelco^®, Milan, Italy) were purchased from Carlo Erba..Water was distilled and filtered through a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Milan, Italy).
Standards of gallic acid and ellagic acid were purchased from Sigma (Merk Life Science S.r.l., Milan, Italy). Standards of myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, vitexin, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside and malvidin 3-O-glucoside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France).

Choline chloride (>98.0%), l-(+)-Lactic acid (>98.0%), glycerol (>99.5%), 1,2-propanediol (>99%) and 2,9-Dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxyaporphine (boldine) analytical standard (purity ≥ 98%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Citric acid (>98%), levulinic acid (>98%), l-Proline (>99%), oxalic acid (>99%), sodium carbonate (>99.9%), gallic acid (>98.0%), and Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent for analysis-grade were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, ammonium formate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis) was used as references for identification. Ultrapure water was produced by a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

A pharmaceutical-grade racemic mixture of MXL hydrochloride (Piramal Enterprises Ltd., Mumbai, India) and pure enantiomer R-MXL hydrochloride (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) was used in the analysis. The following analytical grade reagents were used: phosphoric acid 85%, disodium hydrogen phosphate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), monosodium hydrogen phosphate (Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, Germany), sodium hydroxide (Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, Germany), and methanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was prepared by using a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
The following CDs were used as the CS in the screening process: neutral natural CDs—α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD (Cyclolab, Budapest, Hungary); neutral derivatized CDs—hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), methylated β-CD (M-β-CD) (Cyclolab, Budapest, Hungary), heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DM-β-CD), and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany); ionizable derivatized anionic CDs—carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD), sulphated β-CD (S-β-CD) (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and sulphobutylter-β-CD (SBE-β-CD) (Cydex Pharmaceuticals, Lenexa, KX, USA).
To determine the concentration of enantiomers in pharmaceutical products, Mexitil 100 mg capsules (Boehringer, Ingelheim, Germany) were used.

Standards of catechin (CAT), epicatechin (EC), myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, procyanidin C1 (PC1), and procyanidin A2 (PA2) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Methanol, acetonitrile, 4-dimethylammino-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC), and acetic acid were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Amicon ultra-4 centrifugal filter units of 3, 10, 30, 50, and 100 nominal molecular weight limits (NMWL) were supplied from Merck Millipore (Milan, Italy). Water was from a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Milford, CT, USA). Commercial dried cranberry extracts (A1, A2, and A3) were obtained from different manufacturers. Notably, A1 and A3 were obtained from an industrial producer of natural ingredients starting from whole berry. On the contrary, A2 was produced by a small company through a proprietary purification and concentration process starting from cranberry commercial extracts. Details regarding the plant origins and manufacturing processes of the extracts are not available.

Reagents and solvents were purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy) and they were used as supplied, unless indicated differently. All solutions and buffers were prepared using high-purity water, which was obtained from a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore RiOs/Origin, St. Louis, MS, USA) with a resistivity higher than 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C. The sonicator used to disperse the nanomaterials was the Branson Ultrasonic 3800 (Milan, Italy). SWCNTs were purchased from Nanointegris (super-pure HiPco^®, lot no. SP2167,1.2–1.7 nm wide, and 0.1–4 µm long).