Sodium silicate solution

The chitosan samples were purchased from Lytone Enterprise Inc. (Taipei, Taiwan). Sodium acetate, acetic acid, alcohol and potassium bromide were all from MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium silicate solution (Si = 52%–57%) and hexamine were obtained from Wako Chemical (Osaka, Japan). Sodium phosphate, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The CytoTox96 nonradioactive assay kit (LDH assay) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM), Trypsin-EDTA were from Gibco (Carlsbad, California, USA). EXCELL-610-HSF medium was obtained from JRH (KS, USA). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from PAA (Pasching, Austria). Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline was from Nissui Pharmaceutical CO., LTD (Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan). Trail was purchased from PeproTech, Inc. (NJ, USA). Phycoerythin (PE)-conjugated Fas monoclonal antibody UB2 was purchased from LSBio (Seattle WA, USA). CaspGLOW Fluorescein Active Caspase-3 (DEVD-pNA), Caspase-8 (IETD-pNA) and Caspase-9 (LEHD-pNA) Staining Kits were purchased from BioVision (CA, USA). Finally, the Hep G2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line was acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

Human melanoma cell line A375, human lung carcinoma cell lineA549, human cervical squamous carcinoma cell line HeLa, human hepatoma cell line Hep G2, human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29, human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7, and human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line MKN-28 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and Dr. Murakami’s Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, Japan. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and trypsin- ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained from Invitrogen, California, USA. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). Aquaresin Turmeric was purchased from KALSCE®, Michigan, USA. Sodium silicate solution was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan. Chitosan was obtained from LYTONE Enterprise. Inc., Taipei, Taiwan. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Missouri, USA. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage kit was acquired from Promega, Wisconsin, USA. PE-conjugated anti-human DR5 was purchased from ebioscience, San Diego, CA, USA. Ferrous chloride and ferrozine (3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4’,4’’-disulfonic acid sodium salt) were purchased from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA.