Level-1 analyses included geochemical
parameters comprising determination of anions (including chloride,
sulfate, and nitrate) analyzed by ion chromatography, major cations
(including sodium and calcium) analyzed by direct aspiration using
an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry, and ammonium
analyzed by spectrophotometry (absorbance of phenol-hypochlorite at
640 nm
16 (link)). Alkalinity was determined by
titration method 2320.
50 Samples were analyzed
for a suite of trace metals at Environment and Climate Change Canada’s
National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET) (Burlington,
ON) using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry
(SOP 2003). Level-1 analyses also included determination of total
AEO concentrations (referred to subsequently as NAs). Low resolution
ESI-MS analyses for total NAs were conducted with a
Quattro Ultima(Waters Corp., Milford, MA) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped
with an ESI interface operating in negative-ion mode, as described
by Frank et al.
16 (link) Additionally, expected
maxima in an SFS profile associated with previously identified mono-
and diaromatic acids
39 (link) were analyzed as
described previously.
51 (link) In this investigation,
samples that exhibited the characteristic bitumen profile with three
maxima with a signal intensity of 100 at 272 nm were identified as
positive for this profile.
Hewitt L.M., Roy J.W., Rowland S.J., Bickerton G., DeSilva A., Headley J.V., Milestone C.B., Scarlett A.G., Brown S., Spencer C., West C.E., Peru K.M., Grapentine L., Ahad J.M., Pakdel H, & Frank R.A. (2020). Advances in Distinguishing Groundwater Influenced by Oil Sands Process-Affected Water (OSPW) from Natural Bitumen-Influenced Groundwaters. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(3), 1522-1532.