All of the reagents and materials were noted to be of analytical quality. Vancomycin (≥85%, CAS no. 1404-93-9), tetra-chloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4.3H2O; 99.9%, CAS no. 16961-25-4), polyethyleneimine (50% w/v in H2O; Mw. 750k, CAS no. 9002-98-6), glutathione, BSA (Bovine serum albumin) and formaldehyde (36.0% in H2O) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Mumbai, India). Nickel sulfate, mercuric chloride (99.5%), potassium chloride (99%), Nickel sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride (99%), ammonium chloride, tryptophan, tyrosine, and solvents were purchased from Merck Life Sciences (Bangalore, India). The other plasticware and glassware were acquired from Tarson (Mumbai, India).
Nickel sulfate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, India
Nickel sulfate is a chemical compound with the formula NiSO4. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Nickel sulfate is commonly used as a source of nickel ions in various industrial and laboratory applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Formaldehyde, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Cadmium chloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Permethrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isopropyl benzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cyanoethyl benzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Mercury chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Arsenic oxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Lead acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trimellitic anhydride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tolylene 2.4 diisocyanate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tetrabromobisphenol a, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bisphenol a, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
P aminobenzoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Human serum albumin (hsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cobalt acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Mercuric chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Magnesium chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
18 protocols using nickel sulfate
1
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Vancomycin
2
Antigen-specific T cell proliferation
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Co-culture of autologous T cells, keratinocytes and DCs was performed in RPMI complete and 96-well flat-bottom microplates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark). Nickel sulfate (20 µg/mL) (Sigma, München, Germany) was used as antigen. Specific T cell proliferation was measured after 48 h by the incorporation of radioactive-labeled 3H-thymidin (GE Healthcare, München, Germany). A proliferation index (PI), defined as the ratio of T cell proliferation with and without antigens, greater than 2 was regarded as specific proliferation. T cell cytokine production was evaluated in cell-free supernatants by ELISA (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany).
Co-culture settings were varied by using the supernatants of keratinocyte cultures instead of keratinocytes and by the separation of T cells and keratinocytes via a transwell chamber (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark).
Co-culture settings were varied by using the supernatants of keratinocyte cultures instead of keratinocytes and by the separation of T cells and keratinocytes via a transwell chamber (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark).
3
Antibody Responses to Xenobiotics
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In this investigation, we followed the methods of chemical binding to proteins from our previous publication, in which we ascertained elevated levels of antibodies against xenobiotics in a subgroup of healthy subjects [19 (link)]. In that study, we identified antibodies to the same chemical haptens in about 20% of tested individuals. For this study, we used the same binding methods.
We purchased the HSA, BSA, hemoglobin, formaldehyde, tolylene-2.4-diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, p-amino benzoic acid, bisphenol-A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), isopropyl benzoic acid, cyanoethyl benzoic acid, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, permethrin, mercury chloride, nickel sulfate, cobalt acetate, cadmium chloride, lead acetate, and arsenic oxide from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
We purchased the HSA, BSA, hemoglobin, formaldehyde, tolylene-2.4-diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, p-amino benzoic acid, bisphenol-A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), isopropyl benzoic acid, cyanoethyl benzoic acid, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, permethrin, mercury chloride, nickel sulfate, cobalt acetate, cadmium chloride, lead acetate, and arsenic oxide from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
4
Exposure Assessment of Chemicals
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HSA, bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin, formaldehyde, tolylene-2.4-diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride, p-amino benzoic acid, bisphenol-A, tetrabromobisphenol-A, isopropyl benzoic acid, cyanoethyl benzoic acid, propyl, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, permethrin, mercury chloride, nickel sulfate, cobalt acetate, cadmium chloride, lead acetate and arsenic oxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
5
Comparative Study of Anticancer Compounds
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Lactic acid (No. W261114-1KG-K), isopropanol (No. I9516-25ML), cinnamic aldehyde (No. W228613-100G-K), 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene (DNCB) (No. 237329-10G), 6-methylcoumarin (No. W269905-100G-K), and nickel sulfate (No. N4882-1KG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sunitinib (No. S7781), bevacizumab (No. A2006), palbociclib (No. S1116), imatinib (No. S2475), olaparib (No. S1060), dasatinib (No. S1021), nilotinib (No. S1033), bevacizumab (No. A2006), sorafenib (No. S7397), and regorafenib (No. S1178) were obtained from Selleckchem. Paclitaxel (No. HY-B0015) was purchased from MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA. Cysteine peptide (Ac-RFAAKAA-COOH) was purchased from Genosphere Biotechnologies, Paris, France. Peptide stock solutions were prepared to a final concentration of 0.667 mM in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH of 7.5).
6
Morphine Hydrochloride Administration Protocol
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Morphine hydrochloride was obtained from Alcaliber Labs (Madrid, Spain), dissolved in sterile 0.9% saline and injected interperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 0.1 ml/10 g of body weight. Reagents used were: protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN); phosphatase inhibitor cocktail set (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA); goat and horse serum (Sigma-Aldrich); avidin-biotin complex (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA); and nickel sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich). CP-154,526, kindly provided by Pfizer (New York, NY), was dissolved in 10% Tween 80 (Sigma-Aldrich).
7
Heterologous Expression of H. pylori α1–3-Fucosyltransferase
8
Functionalized Nanoparticle Synthesis Protocol
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Sodium citrate, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate, sulfuric acid, ubiquinone-1, 1-mercaptohexanol (MCH), 1-hexanethiol (HT), mercaptohexanoic acid (MHA), mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid di(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DTSP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Nα′,Nα″-bis(carboxymethyl)-l -lysine, and nickel sulfate were purchased from Sigma (St-Louis, MO, USA); potassium phosphate dibasic trihydrate from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium); mercaptopropionic acid and cysteamine (cyst) from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). The 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (sodium salt) (PG) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE) were provided by Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA). These chemicals were used without any additional purification. Thiols were dissolved in ethanol, and lipids were prepared in a 1/3 (v/v) mixture of ethanol and chloroform.
9
Nickel Sulfate and SB Effects on Rat Reproductive Outcomes
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The rats were divided into four groups for thirty-day administration. As the control group the rats were injected with 1 ml isotonic saline solution, intraperitoneally (Group1, n=6). Nickel sulfate (Acros Organics) was given alone at doses of 5 mg/kg/day (Su et al. 2011) to Group 2 (n=6), respectively. In the SB (Sigma Chemical) group (Group 3, n=6) the rats received only daily SB in 150 mg/kg/day dose (Oufi and AlShawi 2014) . SB, 150 mg/kg/day was added to Nickel sulfate 5 mg/kg/ /day in Group 4 (n=6). Nickel sulfate was always diluted with 1 ml isotonic saline solution and administered intraperitoneally and SB was suspended in a 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (Sigma Chemical) solution and administered orally (Lu et al. 2009 ). The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on the thirty-first day. Following collection of testes and sperm samples, the serum was prepared by centrifugation (1500xg, 15 min, 4°C), frozen and stored at 20°C; the sperm samples obtained from fresh cauda epididymis were held in 0.9% NaCl and were processed according to the method described previously (Muralidhara and Narasimhamurthy 1991) to determine the sperm counts. Motility, membrane, and acrosome integrity of the sperms were checked using the method described previously (Sen et al. 2017) .
10
Comparative Analysis of Cell Lines
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HeLa and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells were cultivated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM). A549 (human pulmonary adenocarcinoma) and Beas-2B (human bronchial epithelial) cells were cultivated in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium. HEC-1-A (human endometrial adenocarcinoma) cells were cultivated in McCoy’s 5A medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), cobalt (II) chloride, copper (II) chloride, 2′,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), MG132, propidium iodide (PI), nickel sulfate, and thiazolyl blue tetrazlium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Copper (I) chloride was from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Copper sulfate was from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany). LY294002, PD98059, and SB203580 were from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA).
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