Clindamycin

Manufactured by Mast Group

Sourced in United Kingdom

Clindamycin is a pharmaceutical product used in laboratory settings. It is an antibiotic medication that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Its core function is to serve as a research tool for studying the effects of antimicrobial agents on bacterial cultures and samples.

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5 protocols using clindamycin

Comprehensive Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

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The Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar was used to test the susceptibility of the isolates against amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., Bootle, UK) based on the CLSI guideline. Susceptibility to vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline and fusidic acid was assessed by the broth microdilution method to determine the MIC titre. The European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints was used to determine MIC titres of fusidic acid and tigecycline (EUCAST 2018). The results of other antibiotics were interpreted by using the CLSI 2018 breakpoints. Low-level and high-level mupirocin resistance (LLMUPR, HLMUPR), inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B (iMLS_B) and constitutive (cMLS_B) macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B were identified based on the CLSI guideline. Susceptibility testing was quality controlled using S. aureus ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300 and ATCC 29213 strains. Powders of antibiotics were all obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Goudarzi M., Razeghi M., Chirani A.S., Fazeli M., Tayebi Z, & Pouriran R. (2020). Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene: high prevalence of clonal complex 22 strains and the emergence of new spa types t223 and t605 in Iran. New Microbes and New Infections, 36, 100695.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates

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The susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics was determined using disk diffusion according to CLSI guidelines. The antibiotics tested were oxacillin (1 μg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), linezolid (30 μg), vancomycin (5 μg), ampicillin (2 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), amikacin (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), tigecycline (15 μg), piperacillin (100 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (110 μg), ampicillin/sulbactam (20 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), and colistin sulphate (25 μg) (Mast Group Ltd., Bootle, UK).

Mohammadnejad E., Seifi A., Ghanei Gheshlagh R., Aliramezani A., Fattah Ghazi S., Salehi M., Dehghan Manshadi S.A, & Orandi A. (2023). Determine phenotypical patterns of resistance to antibiotics in COVID-19 patients with associated bacterial infection: largest medical center in Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 15(3), 336-342.

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Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Bacterial Isolates

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To assess the antibiotic resistance of the isolates, the disc diffusion method (DDM) and Micro dilution methods were applied^{62 (link)}. The sensitivities of the bacteria to antibiotics were interpreted as sensitive (S), intermediate (I), and resistant (R) based on the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines⁶³. The Antibiotic discs used were chloramphenicol (30 µg/disc), gentamicin (10 µg/disc), erythromycin (15 µg/disc), clindamycin (2 µg/disc), kanamycin (30 µg/disc), vancomycin (30 µg/disc), penicillin (10 IU/disc), streptomycin (10 µg/disc), tetracycline (30 µg/disc) and ampicillin (10 µg/disc) that were purchased from MAST Group (Merseyside, UK). To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these ten antibiotics, different amounts of each antibiotic were diluted in broth medium to prepare the following concentrations: 0.5 to 256 μg/mL (chloramphenicol), 0.125 to 64 μg/mL (clindamycin, erythromycin, and ampicillin) and 0.25 to 128 μg/mL (vancomycin, tetracycline). The strains treated with these antibiotics were incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined as described by CLSI⁶³.

Golnari M., Bahrami N., Milanian Z., Rabbani Khorasgani M., Asadollahi M.A., Shafiei R, & Fatemi S.S. (2024). Isolation and characterization of novel Bacillus strains with superior probiotic potential: comparative analysis and safety evaluation. Scientific Reports, 14, 1457.

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Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of CoNS

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The resistance patterns of CoNS isolates were evaluated by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines,17 using following antibiotic disks: linezolid 30 µg, quinupristin/dalfopristin15 µg, ticarcillin 75 µg, cotrimoxazole 25 µg, clindamycin 2 µg, daptomycin 30 µg, and cefoxitin 30 µg (MAST Co., Berkshire, UK).

Khosravi A.D., Roointan M., Abbasi Montazeri E., Aslani S., Hashemzadeh M, & Taheri Soodejani M. (2018). Application of tuf gene sequence analysis for the identification of species of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical samples and evaluation of their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1275-1282.

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Multidrug Resistance Profiling of Bacterial Isolates

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Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 10 . The following antibiotics (Mast Co., UK) were tested: ciprofloxacin (5µg), clindamycin (2µg), erythromycin (15µg), gatifloxacin (5µg), gentamicin (10µg), linezolid (30µg), mupirocin (200µg), quinupristin/dalfopristin (15µg), rifampin (5µg), tetracycline (30µg), tigecycline (15µg), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75µg). In addition, inducible clindamycin resistance was checked by placing clindamycin and erythromycin disks (D-shaped) on the agar, 15-26mm apart. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxacillin and vancomycin were determined using the broth micro-dilution method according to CLSI guidelines 10 . Strains that were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes were considered to possess multiple drug resistance (MDR) 11 .

Soroush S., Jabalameli F., Taherikalani M., Eslampour M.A., Beigverdi R, & Emaneini M. (2017). Characterization of biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus hominis from blood cultures of children. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 50(3).

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