The following instruments were used in this study: Series 200 HPLC (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), Purospher RP18-e (125 mm × 3 mm, 5 μm, Merck) reversed phase column, Orion Star A212 Conductivity Meter with Orion 013005 MD electrode, Orion model 290A pH meter with Orion 910600 Thermo electrode (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), Grant-bio PTR-35 multirotator (Grant Instruments, Cambridge, UK), Minispin centrifuge (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany), TurboVap LV Concentration Evaporator (Zymark, Hopkinton, MA, USA), and a magnetic stirrer.
Orion star a212 conductivity meter
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Orion Star A212 conductivity meter is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the electrical conductivity of a solution. It provides accurate and reliable measurements of conductivity, TDS (total dissolved solids), and salinity. The device features an intuitive user interface and supports multiple calibration methods to ensure precise and consistent results.
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3 protocols using orion star a212 conductivity meter
1
HPLC-based Analytical Techniques
2
Cell Death Visualization and Quantification
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Cell death was visualized and quantified using trypan blue (TB) staining and electrolyte leakage measurements, as previously described by Lv et al. (2019) . Briefly, first or second leaves from plants grown under CL on MS medium were submerged in TB staining solution (10 g of phenol, 10 mL of glycerol, 10 mL of lactic acid, and 0.02 g of TB in 10 mL of water), diluted with ethanol 1:2 (v/v), and boiled for 2 min in a water bath. After a 16-h incubation at room temperature on a vertical shaker, nonspecific staining was removed with a destaining buffer (250 g of chloral hydrate in 100 mL of water). Finally, plant tissues were kept in 50% (v/v) glycerol for imaging. For the measurement of electrolyte leakage, 10 first or second leaves from independent plants were harvested at the indicated time points and transferred to a 15-mL tube containing 6 mL of water purified using a Milli-Q Integral 5 water purification system (Millipore). After a 6-h incubation at room temperature on a horizontal shaker, the conductivity of the solution was measured with an Orion Star A212 conductivity meter (Thermo Fisher Scientific). This experiment was repeated three times with similar results.
3
Characterization of Biochar Properties
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Aliquots of the raw CSM and its derived biochars were ground to <0.85 mm and analyzed for general properties as a soil amendment. The moisture content and organic matter content were measured through the open heating of 5.0 g of samples at 105 °C and 500 °C, respectively, for 8 h [16 (link)]. The volatile matter content and the mineral ash content were determined following the standard methods for the chemical analysis of wood charcoal D1762-84 [39 ]. The OC content and the TN content were analyzed using a Shimadzu TC/TN analyzer with a solid sampling module (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The pH and the EC of the samples were measured in 1:5 solid/water (w/w) 24-h room temperature extracts using an Accumet AB15 pH meter (Fisher Scientific, Suwanee, GA, USA) and an Orion Star A212 conductivity meter (Thermo Scientific, Beverly, MA, USA), respectively. The contents of the elements S, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, and Zn were quantified through the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurement (Spectro CirOs, Mahwah, NJ, USA) of acid-digested samples [16 (link)].
To examine the surface features, in particular, the micropore distribution of CSM-derived biochars generated at different pyrolysis temperatures, biochar samples were coated with a thin film of gold and scanned using a Hitachi S-4700 cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi Inc., Tokyo, Japan).
To examine the surface features, in particular, the micropore distribution of CSM-derived biochars generated at different pyrolysis temperatures, biochar samples were coated with a thin film of gold and scanned using a Hitachi S-4700 cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi Inc., Tokyo, Japan).
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