Descriptive statistics examining patient demographics and clinical characteristics were tabulated. Two sample t-tests (for normally distributed variables) and chi-squared tests (for categorical variables) were employed to compare demographic and clinical characteristics between groups. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables, t-tests for normally distributed continuous variables, and Mann-Whitney-U tests for non-normally distributed continuous variables were used to analyze differences in outcomes between groups.
We subsequently fit multivariable models to adjust for demographic and clinical confounding variables. We employed a linear regression model for continuous outcomes (total naloxone dose), logistic regression models for binary outcomes (death, cardiac arrest, ICU admission), and Poisson regression models for count variables (hospital length of stay).
Relevant demographic and clinical covariates including age, sex, race, ethnicity, prior psychiatric history, and clinical site were selected a priori for inclusion in the multivariable models. Analyses were conducted using SAS University Edition v.9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SPSS v. 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY).
We subsequently fit multivariable models to adjust for demographic and clinical confounding variables. We employed a linear regression model for continuous outcomes (total naloxone dose), logistic regression models for binary outcomes (death, cardiac arrest, ICU admission), and Poisson regression models for count variables (hospital length of stay).
Relevant demographic and clinical covariates including age, sex, race, ethnicity, prior psychiatric history, and clinical site were selected a priori for inclusion in the multivariable models. Analyses were conducted using SAS University Edition v.9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SPSS v. 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY).