Statview

Statistical analyses were performed using StatView, SPSS and/or GraphPad Prism software. The levels of mRNA expression for SHP-1, SHP-2 and SOCS-1 in plasma cells were compared between the different study groups using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations between the gene expression of SHP-1, SHP-2 and SOCS-1 and either the bone marrow infiltration, the response to treatment or STAT3 signaling activation were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. The χ² test was used to compare the frequency of patients exhibiting a hypoexpression of SOCS-1, SHP-1 and SHP-2 in the different sub-groups identified. The statistical significance was assigned to p values < 0.05.

Valve-related outcomes were defined according to the published guidelines [18 (link)]. Continuous and discrete variables were expressed as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range (IQR) for data not normally distributed. Categorical and ordinal variables were expressed by number and percentage of observations. Continuous and discrete variables were compared using a two-sample t-test or Mann–Whitney test, where appropriate. The probability of freedom from event was calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method. Survival and freedom-from-event curves were compared by log-rank test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. A statistical analysis was performed using Stat view (Carry, NC, USA) and IBM SPSS (version 25 for MS Windows; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Continuous and discrete variables were expressed as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range (IQR) for data not normally distributed. Categorical and ordinal variables were expressed by the number and percentage of observations. A statistical analysis was performed using Stat view (Carry, NC, USA) and IBM SPSS (version 25 for MS Windows; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Continuous variables with a normal distribution were expressed as mean ± SD, while non-normally distributed variables were expressed as median and quartiles (25th and 75th). Normality distribution was graphically assessed for continuous variables. Nominal variables were expressed using percentages. Comparison between groups was performed by using Student test or variance analysis for continuous variables and by X² for percentages. Variables independently associated with the onset of postoperative vasoplegic syndrome were identified by stepwise multivariable logistic regression that included variables with p < 0.1 from univariate analysis. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to identify variables independently associated with cardiopulmonary bypass duration. Two-tailed p values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed using StatView version 5.0 and SPSS for Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).