Cadmium chloride

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, India, Belgium

Cadmium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula CdCl2. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. Cadmium chloride is used in various industrial and research applications, including electroplating, photography, and scientific research.

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Cadmium chloride (CdCl2, (4 citations) Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate (3 citations) Cadmium chloride (CdCl2·5H2O) (2 citations)

10 protocols using cadmium chloride

Synthesis of Colloidal Nanocrystals

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Copper(II) chloride [CuCl₂, 97%], cobalt(II) chloride [CoCl₂, 97%], octadecene [ODE,
90%, technical grade], and di-tert-butyl disulfide
[DTBDS, 97%] were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Zinc chloride [ZnCl₂, 99.95%] and cadmium chloride [CdCl₂, 99.99%]
were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Benzyl ether [BE, 99%] was purchased
from Acros Organics. Trioctylphosphine [TOP, >85%] was purchased
from
TCI America. All solvents (hexanes, isopropyl alcohol [IPA], acetone,
and toluene) were of analytical grade. All of the above chemicals
were used as received without further purification. Distilled oleylamine
[d-OLAM] was obtained via vacuum
distillation of oleylamine [t-OLAM, 70%, technical
grade, Sigma-Aldrich].^{24 (link)}

O’Boyle S.K., Fagan A.M., Steimle B.C, & Schaak R.E. (2022). Expanded Tunability of Intraparticle Frameworks in Spherical Heterostructured Nanoparticles through Substoichiometric Partial Cation Exchange. ACS Materials Au, 2(6), 690-698.

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Green Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles

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Cadmium Chloride (CdCl₂, 99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar, Thiourea (CH₄N₂S, Tu 99%), L-Cysteine (C₃H₇NO₂S, 99%) and methyl orange (MO) from Aldrich. The MO structure is reported in Scheme 1. All the chemicals were used without further purification. CdS, used as a reference material, was purchased from Aldrich (<5 microns, 99.995% purity).

Milani M., Mazzanti M., Magnacca G., Caramori S, & Molinari A. (2023). A Novel Hydrothermal CdS with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Photostability for Visible Light Hydrogenation of Azo Bond: Synthesis and Characterization. Nanomaterials, 13(3), 413.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Quantum Dots

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All chemicals used are commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich (or otherwise specified) and were used without any additional purification steps: lead (II) oxide (99.99%, from Alfa Aesar), cadmium chloride (99.99%), bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide (synthesis grade) oleic acid (tech. 90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, ≥95%), oleylamine (≥98%), dimethylformamide (DMF, 99%), octane (anhydrous, >99%), butylamine (BA, 99.5%), lead (II) iodide (from Alfa Aesar, 99.999%, ultra dry), methylammonium iodide (MAI, from Dyesol Inc., 99.9%), thioglycerol (TG, 99%), 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT, 99%) toluene anhydrous, methanol anhydrous, acetone, distilled in glass (Caledon).

Yang Z., Fan J.Z., Proppe A.H., Arquer F.P., Rossouw D., Voznyy O., Lan X., Liu M., Walters G., Quintero-Bermudez R., Sun B., Hoogland S., Botton G.A., Kelley S.O, & Sargent E.H. (2017). Mixed-quantum-dot solar cells. Nature Communications, 8, 1325.

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Synthesis of Selenium Stock Solution

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Deionized water (18.2 MΩ) was obtained from an Aries Filter Works Reverse Osmosis System. Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂, 99.99 %, trace metals basis), thioglycolic acid (TGA, ≥98 %), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, ≥98.0 %) and selenium powder (99.999 %, metal basis) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9 %) was purchased from VWR. Nitric Acid (HNO₃, 67–70 %, trace metal grade, OmniTrace) and HCl (trace metal grade, 34–37 %, Fisher Scientific) were used for the selenium stock solution preparation. A 3:1 solution of aqua regia was prepared using HCl (37 %, Sigma-Aldrich) and nitric acid (65 %, J.T. Baker), respectively. A 5.0 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was prepared by diluting NaOH (10.0 N standardized solution), purchased from Alfa Aesar. The solutions in each synthetic protocol were purged with 99.99 % pure nitrogen gas obtained from Linde Gas Corporation. Selenium stock solution was prepared by dissolving 4.0 g of selenium powder in 8.0 mL of concentrated HNO₃ in a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. The solution was heated in order to evaporate the excess of acid. One hundred (100 mL) of 10 % v/v HCl was then added to reduce Se(VI) to Se(IV). The final concentration of the stock solution was adjusted to 0.5 M.

Rodriguez-Torres M.R., Velez C., Zayas B., Rivera O., Arslan Z., Gonzalez-Vega M.N., Diaz-Diestra D., Beltran-Huarac J., Morell G, & Primera-Pedrozo O.M. (2015). Cytocompatibility of direct water synthesized cadmium selenide quantum dots in colo-205 cells. Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology, 17(6), 266.

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Cadmium-Ninhydrin Peptide Quantification

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The amino acid/peptide analyses were performed following the Cadmium-ninhydrin method described by Doi [25 (link)] with slight changes. The Cadmium-ninhydrin reagent was first prepared as follows: 0.8 g of ninhydrin, 80 mL of ethanol, 10 mL of glacial acetic acid, 1 g of cadmium chloride (Fisher Scientific; Hampton, NH, USA), and 1 mL of distilled water. The reaction was performed using 50 μL of sample plus 100 μL of Tris-HCl pH 8 buffer and 150 μL the Cd-ninhydrin reagent. The sample, buffer, and reagent were mixed carefully mixed and incubated at 84 °C for 5 min. Then, it was transferred to ice for 5 min and centrifuged at 10,000× g for 5 min. Finally, 200 μL of the reaction were transferred into a 96-well plate and read at 507 nm using a microplate reader spectrophotometer. The peptide calculation was done using a standard curve with bovine serum albumin and protease expressed as milligram per milliliter and normalized to percentage.

Mayta-Apaza A.C., García-Cano I., Dabrowski K, & Jiménez-Flores R. (2021). Bacterial Diversity Analysis and Evaluation Proteins Hydrolysis during the Acid Whey and Fish Waste Fermentation. Microorganisms, 9(1), 100.

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Multiparametric Analysis of Erythroid Cells

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Biotin-X-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of biotin) was obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA) or from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Streptavidin Allophycocyanin (SAv-APC), rat anti-mouse Ter-119-APC, rat anti-mouse CD71-PE, rat anti-mouse CD47-FITC, anti-mouse CD16/CD32 and Annexin V-PE recombinant protein were obtained either from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA) or from Affymetrix eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-mouse IgG1k-PE, anti-mouse IgG2bk-APC, anti-mouse IgG2bk-FITC and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) were procured from Affymetrix eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). 5 (and 6) chloromethyl-2, 7 dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H₂DCFDA) was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Mouse Erythropoietin (EPO) ELISA kit was procured from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA) and Multi-Analyte ELISArray kit (mouse Mix-N-Match for inflammatory cytokines IL1A, IL6, TNFα and IFNγ) was purchased from Qiagen (Germantown, MD, USA). Fetal bovine serum was obtained from Hyclone (South Logan, UT). RPMI, HEPES, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and other analytical reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (India). Cadmium Chloride was procured from Fisher Scientific, India.

Chatterjee S, & Saxena R.K. (2015). Preferential Elimination of Older Erythrocytes in Circulation and Depressed Bone Marrow Erythropoietic Activity Contribute to Cadmium Induced Anemia in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0132697.

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Cell Line Culture Conditions and Treatments

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SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma and HaCaT human keratinocytes were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Mediatech 35-010-CV) and 100 units/ml penicillin/100 μg/ml streptomycin (Mediatech). K562 human erythroleukemia cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 25 mM Hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid, 10% FBS, and the antibiotics. Primary human normal fibroblasts (GM07492, passage 5 and GM08398, passage 8) and HGPS fibroblasts (AG11498, passages 6 and 10 and AG06917, no passage number provided) were obtained from Coriell Institute and cultured in MEM supplemented with 15% FBS and the antibiotics. Sodium arsenite, cadmium chloride, H₂O₂ (all purchased from Fisher Scientific), and cisplatin (Calbiochem), were dissolved and diluted with water, and etoposide (BioMol) was dissolved in methanol. tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ, SIGMA) was dissolved in DMSO for 1M solution and diluted with water to make 25 μM solution. Cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere.

Hashimoto K., Majumdar R, & Tsuji Y. (2017). Nuclear Lamins and Progerin Are Dispensable for Antioxidant Nrf2 Response to Arsenic and Cadmium. Cellular signalling, 33, 69-78.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles

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Analytical grade cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ), sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 , 98%), dithionite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ), ferric chloride anhydrous (FeCl 3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). All chemicals were used without further purification. Nanopure water (18.2 MU cm, Barnstead) was used for all reagent and particle suspension preparation.

Su Y., Adeleye A.S., Keller A.A., Huang Y., Dai C., Zhou X, & Zhang Y. (2015). Magnetic sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) for dissolved metal ion removal. Water research, 74.

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Optimized Biomolecular Conjugation Protocol

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All the following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: skimmed milk powder (70,166), 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid monohydrate MES (69,889), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (L3771), Glycine (G8898), Ammonium persulfate (A3678), Agarose (A9539), Trizma base (T1503), Tween 20 (P1379), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate, EDTA (E4884), N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine (T9281), Acrylamide/bis-acrylamide,40% solution (A7802), , DL-Dithiothreitol (D5545), Ethanol (32,294–2), Methanol (24,229–2), Phosphate buffered saline PBS tablet (P4417), 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (M5801), Cadmium chloride (202,908), 4-Aminophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (A9545), Sodium borhydride (S9125), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (E6383), N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (56,485).Tellurium, 99.8%, powder (315,990,250) was purchased from Acros Organics.

Lo Giudice M.C., Herda L.M., Polo E, & Dawson K.A. (2016). In situ characterization of nanoparticle biomolecular interactions in complex biological media by flow cytometry. Nature Communications, 7, 13475.

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Cadmium Chloride and ICI-182,780 Treatments

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MCF7 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC Manassas, VA). Cadmium chloride (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) was dissolved in autoclaved H₂O and sterile-filtered to make a 1 M solution. A stock solution of ICI-182,780 (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK) was prepared at a concentration of 10⁻³ M in DMSO according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Bloomfield M, & Louie M.C. (2019). Chronic cadmium exposure decreases the dependency of MCF7 breast cancer cells on ERα. Scientific Reports, 9, 12135.

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