Sodium chloride (nacl)

SM was obtained from Shanxi Taihang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanxi, China). Atorvastatin calcium salt trihydrate was supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). 12 hydration disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were all purchased from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin China). The liver tissues of each mice were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 24 h, then the fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin and cut into 3-μm sections with a microtome (Leica, Nussloch, Germany). paraformaldehyde (analytical grade) was supplied by Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin). Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and neutral gum were purchased from Beijing Legend Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) and Shanghai Yiyang Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), respectively. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, LDL-C, and HDL-C were measured by commercially available kits obtained from Shanghai Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd., while insulin was detected using kits supplied by Wuhan Huamei Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. (Wuhan, China).

Ethanol (99.7%), cyclohexane (99.5%), dichloromethane (99.5%), chloroform (99.5%), and petroleum ether (98.0%) were purchased from Tianjing Guangfu Technology Development Co. Ltd. and were used as received. Copper mesh (300 mesh size) was obtained from a local market. Sublimed sulfur (99.5%) was purchased from Tianjin Kemeng Chemical Industry Trade Co. Ltd. Methylene Blue (98.0%) and Sudan III (99%) were purchased from Shanghai Titan scientific Co. Ltd. Sodium chloride (99.5%), hydrochloric acid (37%) and sodium hydroxide (99.6%) were purchased from Tianjin Zhiyuan Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.