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25 protocols using rabbit anti actin

1

Quantification of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

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The expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β were measured. For Western blot, tissue proteins were extracted with RIPA Lysis buffer kit (Bio-Tek, California, USA), centrifuged at 10,000 g, and aliquoted after quantitation. Protein levels were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the concentration of SDS-PAGE was set to 12% and 10% for TNF-α and IL-1β, respectively. The following primary antibodies were used for Western blot: rabbit anti-TNF-α (1: 500), rabbit anti-IL-1β (1: 500), and rabbit anti-actin (1: 400, Santa Cruz, California, USA). HRP conjugated goat-anti rabbit secondary antibody (Santa Cruz, California, USA) was used for enhanced chemiluminescence. The membrane was subsequently exposed to X-ray film. Western blot results were quantified by the analysis of X-ray films using Image J software. All primary antibodies and kits were bought from Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Beta-actin was used as an internal control.
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2

Alternol Cytotoxicity and Signaling Pathways

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Alternol (99.9% purity) is a kind gift from Strand Biotech Co. Shantou, China and its structural scheme is shown in Figure 1B. It was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a 10 mmol/l stock solution stored from light in aliquot package in −20°C. The working concentrations used for different experiments were prepared by diluting the stock solution with DMEM‐h. The antibodies used for western blot were as follows: rabbit anti‐actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti‐caspase‐3, anti‐caspase‐8, anti‐Bcl‐xl, anti‐PARP anti‐p27, anti‐p21, anti‐CyclinB1, anti‐CyclinA2, anti‐CyclinD1, anti‐CDc2, anti‐SAPK/JNK, anti‐phosph‐SAPK/JNK (Tyr183/185), anti‐p38MAPK, anti‐phosph‐p38MAPK (Tyr180/182), anti‐ERK1/2, anti‐phosph‐ERK1/2 (Tyr202/204), anti‐STAT3, anti‐phosph‐STAT3 (Tyr705), anti‐JAK2, anti‐phosph‐JAK2 (Tyr1007/1008), anti‐Src, anti‐phosph‐Src (Tyr416) (Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), caspase3 inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK, SAPK/JNK‐specific inhibitor SP600125, p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (Selleck, Selleckchemo Houston, TX, USA), ROS inhibitor antioxidant NAC (Beyotime, Shanghai, China), human IL‐6 (Sigma‐Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).
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3

Western Blotting and Co-Immunoprecipitation Antibodies

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The following antibodies were used for Western
blotting and/or co-immunoprecipitation: rabbit anti-Hsp90α (Neomarkers,
RB-119-P), goat anti-Hsp90β (SantaCruz), rat anti-Grp94 (SantaCruz),
mouse anti-Trap1(BD Biosciences), rabbit anti-Aha1 (Abcam), mouse
anti-Aha1 (Abcam), rabbit anti-Actin (SantaCruz), mouse anti-Fkbp59
(Stressgen), Rabbit Rab3GAP1 (Sigma), Mouse Rac (Abcam, detects Rac1
with slight cross reactivity with Rac2), Phalloidin 555 (Invitrogen),
and Phalloidin 647 (Invitrogen).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation

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Samples were lysed in 50 μL of 1× RIPA buffer, and protein concentration was determined using the Bio-Rad DC Protein Assay. Samples containing equal amounts of protein were prepared using 5× lane marker-reducing sample buffer. The prepared samples were separated using SDS-PAGE using a 10% polyacrylamide gel, and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane at 230 mA for 90 min at 4 °C. Primary antibodies including rabbit anti-phospho-p44/42 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-p44/42 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology), and rabbit anti-actin (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) were incubated with the membrane overnight at 4 °C. The secondary antibody was horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:5000; Cell Signaling Technology), which was incubated for 1 h at around 28 °C. Proteins were visualized using Pierce ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) or SuperSignal West FemtoMaximum Sensitivity Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The membranes were stripped with Restore Western Blot Stripping Buffer for probing with different antibodies.
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5

Purification and Analysis of Virions

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Cells were lysed in 1% Triton‐X/PBS in the presence of protease inhibitor cocktail (cOmplete, Roche) and clarified by centrifugation. Virions were purified from supernatants by overlaying on a 6% OptiPrep cushion and pelleted by ultracentrifugation (50,000 × g, 4°C) for 1 h. An aliquot was removed for p24 Gag ELISA, and normalized amounts were loaded on a Bis–Tris 12% acrylamide SDS–PAGE gel. The following antibodies were used: mouse anti‐FLAG‐M2 (Sigma), mouse anti‐IFITM3 (Proteintech, 66081‐1‐Ig), rabbit anti‐IFITM3 (Abcam, EPR5242), mouse anti‐Gag p24 (183‐H12‐5C, NIH #1513), sheep anti‐Env gp120 (NIH #288), mouse anti‐HA (Covance, HA.11 clone 16B12), rabbit anti‐actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse anti‐tubulin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and mouse anti‐ubiquitin antibody (FK2, Enzo Life Sciences, recognizing K29‐, K48‐, and K63‐linked mono‐ and polyubiquitinated proteins). DyLight‐coupled secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher) were used for protein detection on a Li‐Cor Odyssey imaging system.
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6

Apoptosis and Inflammation Pathway Antibodies

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All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise indicated. Oligonucleotides were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The following antibodies were used in this study: Rabbit anti-actin (Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA), Rabbit anti-pro and cleaved Caspase 3 (H-277, Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA), Rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), Rabbit anti-Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1/2 (Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA), Rabbit anti toll-like receprtor 2 (TLR2; Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA) and 4 (TLR4; Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA) and rabbit anti-HMGB1 (Novus Biologicals, Littelton, CO). All secondary antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen.
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7

Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathway Modulation

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The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-HO-1 (1:2000 for western blot, Abcam); rabbit anti-COX-2 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit polyclonal anti-AKT and anti-pAKT (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit anti-actin (1:5000, Santa Cruz); anti-rabbit-HRP (1:2000, Santa Cruz). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared in PBS at 100X stock solution and used at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. Flagellin (Imgenex, San Diego CA) was used at a concentration of 100 ng/ml). CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh172, a kind gift from Dr. Alan Verkman)32 (link), was freshly prepared in DMSO and used at concentration of 20μM. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY94002 (Cell Signaling Technology) was prepared in DMSO and used at a concentration of 20μM. The AKT Activator II, SC79 (Merck Millipore) was dissolved in DMSO and used at the final concentrations indicated. Celecoxib (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO) was dissolved in DMSO (stock solution 20 mM) and used at a final concentration of 25μM. For the in vivo study we used the FDA approved branded Celecoxib (Celebrex) at concentration of 25mg/kg/mouse/day. Ibuprofen (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO) was dissolved in DMSO (stock solution 50 mM) and used at a final concentration of 25μM or 100μM. For the in vivo study we used Walgreens Children’s Ibuprofen Suspension (20mg/ml) at a final concentration of 50 mg/kg/mouse/day.
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8

Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathway Modulation

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The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-HO-1 (1:2000 for western blot, Abcam); rabbit anti-COX-2 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit polyclonal anti-AKT and anti-pAKT (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit anti-actin (1:5000, Santa Cruz); anti-rabbit-HRP (1:2000, Santa Cruz). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared in PBS at 100X stock solution and used at a concentration of 100 ng/mL. Flagellin (Imgenex, San Diego CA) was used at a concentration of 100 ng/ml). CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh172, a kind gift from Dr. Alan Verkman)32 (link), was freshly prepared in DMSO and used at concentration of 20μM. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY94002 (Cell Signaling Technology) was prepared in DMSO and used at a concentration of 20μM. The AKT Activator II, SC79 (Merck Millipore) was dissolved in DMSO and used at the final concentrations indicated. Celecoxib (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO) was dissolved in DMSO (stock solution 20 mM) and used at a final concentration of 25μM. For the in vivo study we used the FDA approved branded Celecoxib (Celebrex) at concentration of 25mg/kg/mouse/day. Ibuprofen (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO) was dissolved in DMSO (stock solution 50 mM) and used at a final concentration of 25μM or 100μM. For the in vivo study we used Walgreens Children’s Ibuprofen Suspension (20mg/ml) at a final concentration of 50 mg/kg/mouse/day.
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9

Antibodies for Western Blotting and Co-IP

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The following antibodies were used for Western blotting and/or co-immunoprecipitation: rabbit anti-Hsp90α (Neomarkers, RB-119-P), goat anti-Hsp90β (SantaCruz), rat anti-Grp94 (SantaCruz), mouse anti-Trap1(BD Biosciences), rabbit anti-Aha1 (Abcam), mouse anti-Aha1 (Abcam), rabbit anti-Actin (SantaCruz), mouse anti-Fkbp59 (Stressgen), Rabbit Rab3GAP1 (Sigma), Mouse Rac (Abcam, detects Rac1 with slight cross reactivity with Rac2), Phalloidin 555 (Invitrogen), and Phalloidin 647 (Invitrogen).
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10

Polyamine Quantification and Protein Analysis

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Polyamines were measured with HPLC according to the published method [63 (link)]. Acid-precipitated pellets were dissolved to 0.1 M NaOH, and the amount of DNA was measured using the PicoGreen reagent (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer’s instructions using dilutions of calf thymus DNA (Sigma-Aldrich) as standard curve. Protein concentrations were measured using Bio-Rad protein kit with dilutions of bovine serum albumin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) as standards. ODC activities were measured from the cytosolic fractions as described earlier [64 (link)]. For immunoblotting of OAZ1, 20–50 μg of total protein was separated on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a membrane (Immobilon FL, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA), and immunoblotted with rabbit anti-OAZ1 antibody (a kind gift from Prof. Olli Jänne, University of Helsinki, Finland) and rabbit antiactin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat no sc-1616, used at 1:1000 dilution in 5% nonfat dry milk/PBS-Tween). The secondary antibody used was goat antirabbit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA, cat no sc-2004, used at 1:10,000 dilution).
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