Aqueous
suspensions of TOCNF of a given composition (0, 5, 13, 20, 33, and
100% TOCNF, based on total dry mass) was added to 50 g of 6.1% LCNF.
The mixed dopes were stirred (3 min at 2000 rpm) and degassed (3 min
at 2500 rpm) via a planetary centrifugal mixer (THINKY
ARE-250). The
prepared suspensions or dopes were loaded into a 50 mL plastic syringe
connected with a plastic tube (44.5 cm in length and 6 mm in inner
diameter) that ended in a needle with an inner diameter of 1.2 mm
and a length of 3.7 cm. The latter was immersed in a coagulation bath
(acetone) during spinning at a fixed rate of 10 mL min
–1. After approximately 1 min, filaments were collected from the acetone
antisolvent and dried under tension under room temperature (23 °C)
conditions. The wet-spun microfibers contained the given TOCNF amount,
therein referred to as LCNF, L/T5, L/T13, L/T20, L/T33, and TOCNF,
respectively. The wet-spun microfibers were carbonized in a tubular
furnace (NBD-O1200–50IC Vacuum Tube, Furnace) at 900 °C
for 60 min operated at a heating rate of 2 °C min
–1 under a N
2 flux. After carbonization, carbon microfibers
were obtained and named following the same nomenclature as before
but adding a subscript, the letter “c” standing for
carbonization, namely, LCNFc, L/T5c, L/T13c, L/T20c, L/T33c, and TOCNFc.
The carbonization yield was calculated from the mass before and after
carbonization.
Wang L., Borghei M., Ishfaq A., Lahtinen P., Ago M., Papageorgiou A.C., Lundahl M.J., Johansson L.S., Kallio T, & Rojas O.J. (2020). Mesoporous Carbon Microfibers for Electroactive Materials Derived from Lignocellulose Nanofibrils. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(23), 8549-8561.