Cell culture plasticware

All materials for cell culture, alexafluor-488-phalloidin and SYBR green were from Invitrogen/Life Technologies Inc. (Burlington ON, Canada). HDL, acetylated LDL (AcLDL) and apoA1 were from Biomedical Technologies, Inc (Stoughton MA, USA). Corning Transwell inserts, cell culture plastic-ware and Camco Quik Stain II were from VWR International (Mississauga, ON Canada). W146 and VPC23019 were from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster AL, USA). Wortmannin, LY294002, SB203580, PD98059, Go6976 and Ro31-8220 were from EMD Millipore Corp. (Billerica, MA, USA). FTY720, SEW2871 and Y-27632 were from Cedarlane Labs (Burlington, ON Canada). Rat tail collagen I and FITC-labeled anti-rabbit IgG were from BD Biosciences (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Reagents for RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis were from Qiagen Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada). All other suppliers were as indicated. All other reagents, including primers for qRT-PCR were from Sigma-Aldrich Canada Co. (Oakville, ON, Canada).

(R)-(+)-α-Lipoic acid (LP), blanched polyethylenimine (MW. 2000) (bPEI), 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide, L-threoninol, N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), gold (III) chloride trihydrate, sodium citrate, citric acid, glutathione (GSH), agarose, and Hoechst 33342 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (San Luis, MO, USA). Alpha-amino-omega-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol) (NH2-PEG-OH MW.3091) (PEG) was provided by Iris Biotech GMBH (Marktredwitz, Germany). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), streptomycin–penicillin (100×), fetal bovine serum (FBS), l-glutamine (100×), trypsin (10×), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), deuterated solvents, and cell culture plasticware were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). Gemcitabine was purchased from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK). Lipofectamine 2000 and Opti-MEM were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All solvents were purchased from Scharlab (Sentmenat, Spain). Deionized water was used for polymer derivatives purification. The chemicals and the reagents have been used as received following the indications reported without further purification.

Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s (DMEM) medium, streptomycin–penicillin (100×), fetal bovine serum (FBS), l-glutamine (100×), trypsin (10×), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and cell culture plasticware were purchased from VWR. Gemcitabine was purchased from Fluorochem. N-acetyl cysteine was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA. Chemicals and reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received following the indications reported.

Cell culture plastic ware, media, penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from VWR (Toronto, ON, Canada). Secondary anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies, propidium iodide (PI), simvastatin, mevalonate (Mev), farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), GGTi-298, FTi-277, cholesterol, and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) (MTT), were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, CA). Rabbit anti-human/mouse Rac1/2/3, RhoA, and Cdc42 were purchased from Cell Signaling (Canada). Casapase-Glo^®-3/7, Caspase-Glo^®-8 and Caspase-Glo^®-9 assay were purchased from Promega (Toronto, ON, Canada). Tetramethylrhodamine, Methyl Ester, Perchlorate (TMRM) was purchased from Biotium (Hayward, CA, USA). Thin layer chromatographic plates (silica gel G, 0.25-mm thickness) were from Fisher (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada). Ecolite scintillant was from ICN Biochemicals (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Unlabeled cholesterol standard was from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). [1-¹⁴C]Acetate was from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other biochemicals were American Chemical Society grade and were obtained from either Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific (Winnipeg, MB, Canada).