Ammonium hydroxide

Manufactured by Carlo Erba

Sourced in Italy

Ammonium hydroxide is a clear, colorless solution of ammonia gas dissolved in water. It is a common laboratory reagent used to adjust the pH of solutions or to provide a source of ammonia.

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Ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH), (3 citations) Ammonium hydroxide solution (2 citations)

6 protocols using ammonium hydroxide

Ultrasonic Synthesis of Nanomaterials

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Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 , 93%, Alfa Aesar), sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na 2 CO 3 • H 2 O, ≥ 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium hexametaphosphate ((NaPO 3 ) 6 , Alfa Aesar), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98.0%, Aldrich), ethanol (EtOH, ≥ 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH, 30.0%, Carlo Erba), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, >98.0%, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36% w/w, Alfa Aesar), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%, Thermo Scientific), potassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 , 98%, Alfa Aesar) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 , 98%, Alfa Aesar) were used without additional purification.
An ultrasonic cup horn (19.5 kHz, Danacamerini prototype) was used to prepare nano-CaCO 3 and HMSNs, as shown in Fig. 1. The ultrasonic generator was used to regulate ultrasonic power, which can be adjusted up to 300 W (electric input power). The ultrasonic transducers consist of high-efficiency pre-stressed piezoelectric (PZT) rings (planar PZT Morgan Electronics, diameter 50 mm) compressed between two erga discs. The maximum capacity of the cup horn is 80 mL, which is cooled with cooling water [38] . The ultrasonic powers delivered were determined calorimetrically with water as heating media and all ultrasonic power mentioned below refers to the power measured calorimetrically [39] .

Liu X., Wu Z., Cavalli R., Manzoli M, & Cravotto G. (2024). Ultrasonic Preparation of Nano-CaCO₃ Templates and Hollow Mesoporous SiO₂ Nanoparticles for Voriconazole Loading. AAPS PharmSciTech, 25(6).

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Synthesis of Multifunctional Nanoparticles

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Barium (II) nitrate (99.95%), scandium (III) nitrate hydrate (99.9%), iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (98+%), citric acid (99+%), tetraethylorthosilicate (99%), sodium hydroxide (98%), and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (99+%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Lancashire, UK. Paraffin wax (mp ≥ 65 °C) was purchased from Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAB (>99%) was obtained from VWR Int. GmbH, Vienna, Austria, chloroform was purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (95%) was purchased from Gelest, Morrisville, PA, USA. Nitric acid (65%), ethanol (99.5%), sodium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide (25%) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents S.A.S, Milan, Italy. All the chemicals were used without any further purification.

Papan J., Boštjančič P.H., Mertelj A, & Lisjak D. (2021). Preparation of Barium-Hexaferrite/Gold Janus Nanoplatelets Using the Pickering Emulsion Method. Nanomaterials, 11(11), 2797.

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Quantitative Analysis of Opioids

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Morphine, methadone, codeine, 6-MAM, EDDP standards, and Morphine-d3 and methadone-d3 internal standards (IS) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milan, Italy). For the extraction procedure, distilled water (H₂O) for analysis, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), methanol (MeOH) for analysis (≥99.9%), hydrochloric acid for analysis (37%), dichloromethane for analysis stabilized with amylin (≥99.9%), 2-propanol (99.8%) and ammonium hydroxide (32%) of reagent grade were purchased from Carlo Erba (Cornaredo, Italy). For the UHPLC analysis, methanol for UHPLC-MS (99.99%), ultrapure water for UHPLC-MS and formic acid (FA) for LC-MS (≥99%) were purchased from Carlo Erba (Cornaredo, Italy). All reagents and laboratory consumables were stored according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Buratti E., Mietti G., Cippitelli M., Cerioni A., Froldi R., Cingolani M, & Scendoni R. (2023). Detection of Three Opioids (Morphine, Codeine and Methadone) and Their Metabolites (6-Monoacetylmorphine and 2-Ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine) in Larvae of Lucilia sericata Species by UHPLC-TF-MS and Validation. Molecules, 28(12), 4649.

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Synthesis of Distinct ZnO Morphologies

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The synthesis of both ZnO forms was performed starting from the same amount of Zn precursor, namely, zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂•6H₂O; ≥99.0%; purchased from Merck) dissolved in water to reach the solution molarity of 0.05 M. Subsequently, the proper amount of ammonium hydroxide (28%; Carlo Erba Reagents, Italy) was added under continuous stirring for adjusting the solution pH to 10. In the case of flower-like powder, the hydrolysis temperature was 60 °C, and the solution temperature was kept constant for one hour. Needle-like powder was obtained by performing hydrolysis at room temperature and treating the mixture at 95 °C for about 7 h. The ZnO precipitates were filtered, washed several times with deionized water and then with diethyl ether (Merck), and dried in an oven overnight. Figure 1 reports a schematic representation of the synthesis of the two different ZnO morphologies.

Duraccio D., Capra P.P., Fioravanti A, & Malucelli G. (2023). Influence of Mechanical Properties on the Piezoelectric Response of UV-Cured Composite Films Containing Different ZnO Morphologies. Polymers, 15(5), 1159.

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Comprehensive Forensic Toxicology Analysis

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Methanol solutions of fentanyl, methadone, EDDP, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), cocaine, benzoilecgonine, and alprazolam and internal standard solutions of fentanyl-d5, methadone-d9, EDDP-d3, morphine-d3, 6-MAM-d3, cocaine-d3, benzoilecgonine-d3, and alprazolam-d4 (0.1 mg/mL), were purchased from Lipomed AG (Arlesheim, Switzerland). All solutions were stored in the refrigerator at +2–+4 °C when not in use. Mixed working standard solutions were prepared by combining the standards and aliquots of each primary solution and diluting them with Methanol. Methanol, dichlormethane, isopropanol, ammonium hydroxide, and others were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Val-de-Reuil, France). Extraction Columns Clean Screen XCEL I and Selectra-SIL BSTFA w/1%TMCS were purchased from UCT (Bristol, PA, USA).

Manetti F., David M.C., Gariglio S., Consalvo F., Padovano M., Scopetti M., Grande A, & Santurro A. (2022). Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review. Toxics, 11(1), 46.

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Synthesis of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES, Z98%) and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMOS, Z95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, as well as the antibiotics sodium rifamycin and gentamicin sulfate. Ammonium hydroxide (30%) was obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents. All other reagents were of analytical grade and commercially available.

Mebert AM ., Aimé C ., Alvarez GS ., Shi Y ., Flor SA ., Lucangioli SE ., Desimone MF , & Coradin T . (2016). Silica core-shell particles for the dual delivery of gentamicin and rifamycin antibiotics. Journal of materials chemistry. B, 4(18).

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