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9 protocols using xarosa digital camera

1

Localization of Proliferating Cells

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For each animal treated with [3H]-thymidine, a minimum of 45 semithin section were examined for the presence of [3H]-thymidine labeled cells and photographed under a Nikon microscope (Eclipse E800, Nikon with digital camera Nikon DS-Ri1). A cell was considered labeled if it had eight or more silver grains over the nucleus. The semithin sections containing the selected cells were re-embedded, and ultrathin sections were cut and examined under a FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Tokyo, Japan). Images were acquired using Radius software (Version 2.1) with a XAROSA digital camera (EMSIS GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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2

Visualizing GSDMB Protein Localization

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GSDMB constructs were visualized by immunofluorescence in transient transfected (72 h) and 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed cells with the indicated primary antibodies (Supplementary Table 2) as described before [42 (link)]. Confocal microscopy images were captured by LSM710 microscope (Zeiss) and processed by Fiji software (Image J 1.52). Alternatively, live cell tracking imaging was performed with doxycycline inducible vectors expressing GFP-tagged GSDMB constructs (Supplementary information). To evaluate mitochondrial morphology correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) procedures were performed in 23132/87 cells. Cells were seeded in a permanox Lab-Tek chamber slide (Nalge Nunc International) and transfected with doxycycline inducible vectors. After 6 h of transfection, cells were induced with Doxycycline at 200 ng/ml, incubated with red MitoTrackerTM Deep Red FM (ThermoFisher) for 30 min at 37 °C and fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde. The confocal images were acquired with a Leica TCS SP8 HyVolution II (Leica Microsystems). After fluorescence capture, slides were processed for transmission electron microscopy analysis with FEI Tecnai Spirit BioTwin (ThermoFisher). Pictures were taken using Radius software (Version 2.1) with a Xarosa digital camera (EMSIS GmbH).
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Ultrastructural Analysis of Prph2 Mutant Mice

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Prph2WT/WT and Prph2KI/KI mice at 1 month of age were perfused with a solution containing 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M PB. Then, the eyes were enucleated and fixed for 2 h in the same solution. After rinsing in 0.1 M PB, the cornea, iris, lens, and vitreous body were removed, and the remaining posterior part of the eye was cut into four quadrants. They were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) in 0.1 M PB for 1 h and then gradually dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol and acetone. The pieces were embedded overnight in EPON 812, and then blocks of EPON containing the pieces were made and polymerized at 60 °C overnight. Ultrathin sections were obtained from blocks and contrasted using lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Images were acquired with an FEI Tecnai Spirit BioTwin transmission electron microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using Radius software v2.1 with an Xarosa digital camera (EMSIS GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy

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Cells were fixed with 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and 2% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer [50 mM Na2HPO4 and 50 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4)] for 1 hour at room temperature and then postfixed in 2% (w/v) osmium tetroxide and 1.5% (w/v) potassium ferrocyanide for 1 hour. After rinsing several times in distilled water, the cells were stained in 1% uranyl acetate at 4°C overnight. The samples were washed again in distilled water and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and embedded in Embed 812 resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Ultrathin (70 nm) sections were cut using an ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystem, UC7) and collected on copper grids with a single slot, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The sections were observed under a JEM-1400Flash electron microscope (JEOL) operating at 80 kV equipped with a 20-megapixel XAROSA digital camera (EMSIS).
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5

Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation Protocol

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MKs and PLPs were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Sigma‐Aldrich) in culture medium for 45 minutes at room temperature. After washing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), cells were centrifuged and gently mixed with 2% warm liquid agarose. After cooling and gelling, small agarose blocks were cut containing the cells. These blocks were postfixed with 2% osmium tetroxide in PBS and treated with 1% tannic acid.32 (link) Then, cells were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and finally embedded in epoxy resin (Sigma‐Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). Ultrathin sections were cut and stained with 2% uranylacetate for 15 minutes followed by 2% lead citrate for 5 minutes. All preparations were examined in a JEM 1400T flash electron microscope (Jeol USA Peabody, MA, USA), and pictures were taken with a XAROSA digital camera using Radius software (EMSIS GmbH, Muenster, Germany).
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6

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles

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The isolated EVs were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde – 0.1 m phosphate buffered saline for 30 min. Glow discharge technique (30 s, 7,2 V, using a Bal‐Tec MED 020 Coating System) was applied over carbon‐coated copper grids, and immediately, the grids were placed on top of sample drops for 15 min. Then, the grids with adherent EVs were washed in a 0.1 m PBS drop. An additional fixation in 1% glutaraldehyde was performed for 5 min. After washing properly in distilled water, the grids were contrasted with 1% uranyl acetate and embedded in methylcellulose. Excess fluid was removed and allowed to dry before examination with a transmission electron microscope FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Oregon, USA). All images were acquired using Radius software (Version 2.1) with a Xarosa digital camera (EMSIS GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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7

Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Recombinant proteins were diluted in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl to approximately 25 μg/ml. The Valentine method was used to negatively stain samples spread onto carbon films51 (link) with 1% (w/v) uranyl acetate (Agar Scientific, Stanstead, United Kingdom). Samples were spread on 400 mesh copper grids (EM Resolutions Ltd, Sheffield, UK) and imaged in a Hitachi H-7600 transmission electron microscope (TEM, Hitachi High-Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Images were acquired using Radius software v2.1 with a Xarosa digital camera (EMSIS GmbH, Münster, Germany) and montages made using Adobe Photoshop (v24.7.0; Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA).
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8

Transmission Electron Microscopy Protocol

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All EM reagents were from Agar Scientific unless otherwise stated. For Transmission, Electron Microscope material was fixed overnight at 4 °C in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, and washed in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. After the secondary fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide and 1.5% potassium ferricyanide (Merck Life Science) at RT, samples were treated with 1% tannic acid (VWR) dehydrated in ethanol series followed by propylene oxide (Merck Life Science) and embedded in Epon 812 (TAAB Laboratory Equipment Ltd). Samples were sectioned to 70-nm thick using a Reichert Ultracut E ultramicrotome, collected onto copper mesh grids, and stained for 5 min in lead citrate. Samples were viewed on a JEOL JEM-1400 TEM with an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Digital images were collected with an EMSIS Xarosa digital camera with Radius software.
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9

Immunogold Labeling for EV Characterization by TEM

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To complete EV characterization, samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For immunogold labelling, 8 μL of EV samples were first fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde-0.1 M PBS for 30 min on carbon-coated nickel grids. Afterwards, the grids with adherent exosomes were washed in 0.1 M PBS and blocked in 0.1 M glycine and 0.3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 10 min. The grids were incubated with the primary antibodies CD9 and CD63 (rabbit and mouse, respectively) for 1 h. Following an additional 20-min blocking step, the grids were incubated for 1 h in appropriate secondary antibodies with 6 nm and 15 nm gold particles conjugated, respectively. Finally, after washing, a standard negative staining procedure was performed and observed under a transmission electron microscope (FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit, ThermoFisher Scientific Company, Eugene, OR, USA). All images were acquired using Radius software (Version 2.1) with a Xarosa digital camera (EMSIS GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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